<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[L'ÉCLAIREUR]]></title><description><![CDATA[La lettre qui éclaire l'actualité. En français et en anglais. ]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png</url><title>L&apos;ÉCLAIREUR</title><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Fri, 19 Jun 2026 07:38:42 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.eclaireur.eu/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[L'Eclaireur - Alpes]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[fr]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[Eclaireur-RhoneAlpes@protonmail.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[Eclaireur-RhoneAlpes@protonmail.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[L'ÉCLAIREUR]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[L'ÉCLAIREUR]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[Eclaireur-RhoneAlpes@protonmail.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[Eclaireur-RhoneAlpes@protonmail.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[L'ÉCLAIREUR]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[[ Ukraine ] Ces labos de recherche "bactériologique" dont les USA ont nié l'existence pendant deux semaines]]></title><description><![CDATA[L'hyst&#233;rie am&#233;ricaine et europ&#233;enne &#224; propos de l'Ukraine peut trouver en partie sa source dans des programmes vieux de trente ans et le complexe sovi&#233;tique de production d'armes biologiques.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ukraine-ces-labos-de-recherche-bacteriologique</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ukraine-ces-labos-de-recherche-bacteriologique</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 2026 11:37:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_Pnz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5841c4a-a806-49ca-a4ca-656d9ec262cc_503x444.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_Pnz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5841c4a-a806-49ca-a4ca-656d9ec262cc_503x444.png" 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class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L'Eclaireur Rh&#244;ne-Alpes est une lettre confidentielle par abonnement. Afin de soutenir notre travail, choisissez le v&#244;tre, libre ou payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em>Alors que Tulsi Gabbard vient de d&#233;classifier tous les documents aff&#233;rents au programme am&#233;ricain de financement de recherches biologiques dangereuses &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, nous republions notre article de mars 2022, dans lequel nous avons s&#233;ri&#233; avec pr&#233;cision ce qui se passait en Ukraine.</em></p><div><hr></div><p> Ceux qui d&#232;s le d&#233;but de l&#8217;invasion de l&#8217;Ukraine ont pos&#233; des questions sur les laboratoires de recherche bact&#233;riologique financ&#233;s par les USA depuis 1991 et dans le cadre de l&#8217;accord bilat&#233;ral de 2005, ont &#233;t&#233; tax&#233;s de complotisme. Jusqu&#8217;&#224; ce que <a href="https://greenwald.substack.com/p/victoria-nuland-ukraine-has-biological">Victoria Nuland</a>, la n&#176;3 de la diplomatie am&#233;ricaine, reconnaisse il y a trois jours l&#8217;existence de ces laboratoires lors d&#8217;une audition sous serment devant le Congr&#232;s. La pr&#233;sence sur le territoire ukrainien de laboratoires d&#8217;un niveau de s&#233;curit&#233; &#233;quivalent &#224; P4 (BSL 4) o&#249; sont manipul&#233;s les pathog&#232;nes les plus dangereux explique-t-elle en partie la tr&#232;s grande nervosit&#233; am&#233;ricaine et europ&#233;enne ? Plong&#233;e au fond du bouillon de culture sans combinaison HazMat.</p><p>A la chute du mur, l&#8217;Ukraine se retrouva avec le troisi&#232;me arsenal nucl&#233;aire mondial sur les bras. Arsenal inutilisable puisque les codes &#233;taient centralis&#233;s &#224; Moscou. Mais arsenal dont l&#8217;entretien incombait &#224; l'Ukraine, qui n&#8217;avait plus les moyens de le faire. Cela donna lieu &#224; une s&#233;rie de n&#233;gociations aboutissant au <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_de_Lisbonne">Protocole de Lisbonne en 1991</a> et au <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9morandum_de_Budapest">Memorandum de Budapest</a> en 1994, qui organis&#232;rent la remise &#224; la Russie des armes nucl&#233;aires pr&#233;sentes sur le sol des nouvellement ind&#233;pendantes R&#233;publiques de Bi&#233;lorussie, d&#8217;Ukraine et du Kazakhstan, ainsi que leur signature du trait&#233; de non prolif&#233;ration nucl&#233;aire.</p><p>Les armes de destruction massive ne se limitent pas aux armes nucl&#233;aires. Elles comprennent les armes chimiques et les plus terrifiantes de toutes, les armes biologiques. </p><p>L&#8217;Union sovi&#233;tique &#233;tait en mati&#232;re d&#8217;armes biologiques bien plus en avance que l&#8217;Occident. Elle avait r&#233;cup&#233;r&#233; en Mandchourie l&#8217;int&#233;gralit&#233; des recherches japonaises r&#233;alis&#233;es de 1936 &#224; 1945 sur un demi-million de cobayes humains (chinois, cor&#233;ens et sovi&#233;tiques) par la sinistre Unit&#233; 731, dont la mission officielle &#233;tait de concevoir des vaccins et m&#233;dicaments afin de lutter contre les &#233;pid&#233;mies. Les Am&#233;ricains eux r&#233;cup&#233;r&#232;rent les m&#233;decins japonais ayant commis des crimes contre l&#8217;humanit&#233; au sein de cette unit&#233;&#8230;</p><div id="youtube2-o3t3Uq_dH-s" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;o3t3Uq_dH-s&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/o3t3Uq_dH-s?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>En 1979, un accident survint dans l&#8217;unit&#233; de recherche militaire 19-a de la ville secr&#232;te de Sverdlovsk (aujourd&#8217;hui Iekaterinbourg) o&#249; &#233;tait cultiv&#233;e la souche du bacille du charbon la plus virulente de l&#8217;arsenal sovi&#233;tique, elle-m&#234;me d&#233;couverte apr&#232;s un autre accident datant de 1952 dans la ville de Kirov. Ayant caus&#233; la mort de plus d&#8217;une centaine de personnes, cette fuite de bacille du charbon a &#233;t&#233; dissimul&#233;e jusqu&#8217;&#224; la chute de l&#8217;URSS et les dossiers m&#233;dicaux des victimes d&#233;truits par le KGB. Cette unit&#233; de recherche militaire est encore active de nos jours dans des laboratoires souterrains. Le tout hors limite car site class&#233; secret d&#233;fense, parce que manipulant les souches les plus dangereuses, dont la souche H-4 du charbon dont la virulence et la r&#233;sistance aux antibiotiques ont &#233;t&#233; augment&#233;es par manipulation g&#233;n&#233;tique, murmure-t-on.</p><h4>Biopreparat n&#8217;&#233;tait pas un fabricant de g&#233;n&#233;riques</h4><p>Outre les centres militaires ouverts dans les ann&#233;es 1920, les minist&#232;res de la d&#233;fense, de l'agriculture et de la sant&#233; sovi&#233;tiques ont cr&#233;&#233; en 1973 une gigantesque unit&#233; de recherche civile nomm&#233;e <strong>Biopreparat</strong>, qui employait plus de 55 000 personnes dans cinquante-deux sites. </p><p>L&#8217;activit&#233; officielle de Biopreparat &#233;tait de concevoir des vaccins et des m&#233;dicaments pour combattre les &#233;pid&#233;mies. On conna&#238;t la musique : couverture d&#8217;un programme top secret de recherche, d&#233;veloppement et fabrication d&#8217;armes biologiques visant aussi bien l&#8217;homme que le b&#233;tail et les cultures. Cette op&#233;ration &#233;tait si secr&#232;te que la localisation de certains de ses sites n&#8217;est toujours pas publique.</p><p>L&#8217;Union sovi&#233;tique, en contournant ainsi <a href="https://non-proliferation.irsn.fr/Biologie/CIAB/Pages/Convention.aspx">la Convention  de 1972 interdisant les armes biologiques</a>, a b&#226;ti la capacit&#233; de produire des pathog&#232;nes en quantit&#233; industrielle, suffisante pour &#233;radiquer l&#8217;esp&#232;ce humaine. Charbon, tular&#233;mie, fi&#232;vre Q, brucellose, typhus, peste, variole, maladie &#224; virus Marburg, Ebola etc. </p><p>Les scientifiques sovi&#233;tiques furent &#233;galement les premiers &#224; cr&#233;er un virus chim&#232;re par ing&#233;nierie g&#233;n&#233;tique, qui causait une maladie auto-immune foudroyante (votre syst&#232;me immunitaire d&#233;truit les cellules de votre propre corps).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg" width="976" height="549" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:549,&quot;width&quot;:976,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Soviets diverted the rivers that once fed the Aral Sea to grow cotton, which they called \&quot;white gold\&quot; (Credit: iStock)&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Soviets diverted the rivers that once fed the Aral Sea to grow cotton, which they called \&quot;white gold\&quot; (Credit: iStock)&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Soviets diverted the rivers that once fed the Aral Sea to grow cotton, which they called &quot;white gold&quot; (Credit: iStock)" title="The Soviets diverted the rivers that once fed the Aral Sea to grow cotton, which they called &quot;white gold&quot; (Credit: iStock)" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJD2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F412298f1-315e-41d9-b8b7-b7d7bce58698_976x549.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Presqu&#8217;&#238;le de Vozrozhdeniye et les installations abandonn&#233;es de Biopreparat</figcaption></figure></div><p>Le principal site de production et de stockage de pathog&#232;nes militaris&#233;s de Biopreparat se trouvait sur l&#8217;&#238;le de Vozrozhdeniye en mer d&#8217;Aral, proche de la fronti&#232;re du Kazakhstan et de l&#8217;Ouzbekistan. En 2002, les Am&#233;ricains y d&#233;contamin&#232;rent pr&#232;s de 300 tonnes - oui, 300 tonnes - de charbon (anthrax) enfouies dans le sol. Sous forme de spores, le bacille du charbon peut survivre des centaines d&#8217;ann&#233;es et r&#233;siste &#224; peu pr&#232;s &#224; tous les produits - acides, d&#233;sinfectants, bases etc. - avec lesquels on essaie de le neutraliser. Ces 300 tonnes enfouies en 1988 avaient &#233;t&#233; trait&#233;es &#224; &#8230; l&#8217;eau de javel. La mission am&#233;ricaine a &#233;galement d&#233;mantel&#233; par la m&#234;me occasion le laboratoire, abandonn&#233; depuis 1992.</p><p>Le probl&#232;me de la prolif&#233;ration des armes de destruction massive n&#8217;est pas tant l&#8217;existence de ces armes ou des installations pour les fabriquer &#8211; elles sont ais&#233;ment contr&#244;lables &#8211; mais celui de la disponibilit&#233; sur le march&#233; des connaissances et des comp&#233;tences n&#233;cessaires &#224; concevoir et &#224; op&#233;rer les installations permettant de fabriquer ces armes.</p><p>Apr&#232;s la chute du mur, des cohortes de scientifiques de haut niveau du Biopreparat se retrouv&#232;rent au ch&#244;mage et sans ressources. Autant dire que la comp&#233;tence &#224; louer &#233;tait abondante et bon march&#233;.</p><p>Les Etats-Unis et ce qui &#233;tait &#224; l&#8217;&#233;poque la CEE avant devenir l&#8217;UE, financ&#232;rent alors des projets pour s&#8217;assurer que tout ce beau monde soit employ&#233; &#224; d&#8217;autres recherches, histoire qu&#8217;il n&#8217;aille pas se vendre &#224; des organisations mafieuses ou terroristes, ou &#224; des &#201;tats &#8220;voyous&#8221; d&#233;sireux de produire leurs propres armes biologiques. C&#8217;est le Pentagone qui g&#232;re depuis 1991 le<a href="https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/trac/index.html"> &#8220;Cooperative Threat Reduction Program&#8221;</a> visant la d&#233;militarisation nucl&#233;aire, biologique et chimique dans l&#8217;ex-URSS.</p><p>Le trait&#233; de coop&#233;ration scientifique avec l&#8217;Ukraine a &#233;t&#233; sign&#233; en 2005, soit apr&#232;s la r&#233;volution orange orchestr&#233;e par les Etats-Unis et apr&#232;s l&#8217;&#233;lection &#224; la pr&#233;sidence du pro-occidental Viktor Iouchtchenko. Un programme de mise aux normes des laboratoires concern&#233;s aurait d&#233;but&#233; en 2006, information que nous n&#8217;avons pas r&#233;ussi &#224; confirmer.</p><p>Des sources ind&#233;pendantes et concordantes en Europe et dans l&#8217;ex-Union sovi&#233;tique nous confirment que Biopreparat et l&#8217;arm&#233;e rouge op&#233;raient en Ukraine cinq ou six sites, dont deux ou trois &#233;taient des laboratoires. Nous n&#8217;avons pas pu d&#233;terminer la nature des recherches et travaux qui y &#233;taient effectu&#233;s &#224; l&#8217;&#233;poque. Les m&#234;mes sources avancent &#233;galement que ces laboratoires de haute s&#233;curit&#233; n&#8217;ont jamais ferm&#233;.</p><div id="youtube2-ydSf57SRtcQ" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;ydSf57SRtcQ&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ydSf57SRtcQ?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Il s&#8217;agit vraisemblablement des labos dont les USA ont ni&#233; l&#8217;existence jusqu&#8217;au 8 mars. Leur r&#233;alit&#233; a &#233;t&#233; confirm&#233;e lors d&#8217;une audition au Congr&#232;s par Victoria Nuland, sous-secr&#233;taire d&#8217;&#201;tat aux affaires politiques, n&#233;o-conservatrice pivot du dossier ukrainien depuis pr&#232;s de vingt ans, comme <a href="https://eclaireur.substack.com/p/-ukraine-carrousel-darmes-europeennes?s=w">nous l&#8217;avons  d&#233;montr&#233; dans notre analyse traitant des livraisons d&#8217;armes  &#224;&#8217; l&#8217;Ukraine.</a></p><p>S&#8217;il est peu probable que ces laboratoires travaillent sur des armes biologiques, l&#8217;opacit&#233; est en revanche totale quant &#224; leurs activit&#233;s. Elles  sont suffisamment sensibles pour que les Etats-Unis s&#8217;inqui&#232;tent fortement que les Russes mettent la main sur du &#8220;mat&#233;riel  de recherche&#8221;. Souches bact&#233;riennes ou virales tr&#232;s dangereuses ? Technologies, proc&#233;d&#233;s et &#233;quipement que les Russes ne poss&#232;dent pas ?  A ce stade, on ne peut que sp&#233;culer.</p><p>Il semble que, dans l&#8217;absolu,  l&#8217;Ukraine poss&#232;de des comp&#233;tences et des infrastructures qui avec peu d&#8217;effort peuvent &#234;tre reconfigur&#233;es afin de produire des armes de destruction massive. Se pose &#233;galement la question d&#8217;&#233;ventuels stocks datant de l&#8217;&#232;re sovi&#233;tique. Ainsi que celle de la d&#233;tention de souches non d&#233;clar&#233;es.</p><p>Sachant cela, comment faut-il alors interpr&#233;ter<a href="https://kyivindependent.com/national/zelenskys-full-speech-at-munich-security-conference/"> ce passage sibyllin du discours du pr&#233;sident ukrainien,</a> Volodymyr Zelensky, lors de la Conf&#233;rence de Munich sur la s&#233;curit&#233;, cinq jours avant l&#8217;invasion russe ?</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;L&#8217;Ukraine a re&#231;u des garanties de s&#233;curit&#233; quand elle a renonc&#233; au troisi&#232;me arsenal nucl&#233;aire mondial. Nous n&#8217;avons plus l&#8217;arme nucl&#233;aire. Et nous n&#8217;avons pas de s&#233;curit&#233;. Nous n&#8217;avons plus une partie de notre territoire plus grande que la Suisse, les Pays-Bas ou la Belgique. Plus important, nous n&#8217;avons plus des millions de nos concitoyens. Tout cela, nous ne l&#8217;avons plus.</em></p><p><em><strong>Par cons&#233;quent, nous avons le droit d&#8217;exiger le passage d&#8217;une politique d&#8217;apaisement vers une politique de s&#233;curit&#233; et de paix.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>C&#8217;est visiblement la panique &#224; Washington o&#249; la tactique &#233;cul&#233;e consistant &#224; tout nier et &#224; formuler des contre-accusations (la Russie pourrait utiliser des armes chimiques en Ukraine) ne sera pas une r&#233;ponse suffisante &#224; des questions que m&#234;me la Chine commence &#224; poser.</p><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://twitter.com/washingtonpost/status/1501907365335085059&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;White House warns Russia could use chemical weapons in Ukraine, rejects false &#8220;conspiracy&#8221; of U.S. biolabs \n&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;washingtonpost&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;The Washington Post&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;Thu Mar 10 13:06:34 +0000 2022&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:0,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:48,&quot;like_count&quot;:110,&quot;impression_count&quot;:0,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://wapo.st/3pT3kQu&quot;,&quot;image&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43d6600c-3b7d-40f1-a440-1e9f1c43fd87.jp2&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;White House warns Russia could use chemical weapons in Ukraine, rejects false &#8216;conspiracy&#8217; of U.S. biolabs&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;White House Press Secretary Jen Pskai blasted Russia over &#8220;false claims&#8221; and criticized Chinese officials who &#8220;echo these conspiracy theories.&#8221;&quot;,&quot;domain&quot;:&quot;wapo.st&quot;},&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ Edito ] Le changement, c'est maintenant? Pas vraiment]]></title><description><![CDATA[Les conservateurs, populistes et souverainistes de gauche comme de droite, s'ils arrivent au pouvoir, s'attacheront-ils &#224; un r&#233;el changement? C'est peu probable.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/edito-le-changement-cest-maintenant</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/edito-le-changement-cest-maintenant</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 15 Jun 2026 12:33:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png" width="724" height="482.6666666666667" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:832,&quot;width&quot;:1248,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:724,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>La version originale en anglais de cet &#233;dito.</em></p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;ddd1bd0d-2cae-4f21-acdc-d08d3cce831f&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Republican Congressman Thomas Massie of Kentucky delivers a damning verdict.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Editorial ] Change Is Soon? Not Quite&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-13T11:11:21.244Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/editorial-change-is-soon-not-quite&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:201854059,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p>Thomas Massie, le repr&#233;sentant r&#233;publicain du Kentucky, fait un constat brutal: &#8220;Les R&#233;publicains sont au pouvoir parce qu&#8217;ils ont promis de s&#8217;attacher &#224; la sant&#233; des Am&#233;ricains, de ne pas d&#233;clencher de nouvelles guerres, de placer les citoyens avant les grandes entreprises, de faire passer les Etats-Unis avant l&#8217;&#233;tranger, de publier l&#8217;ensemble du dossier Epstein, d&#8217;&#233;liminer la fraude - que s&#8217;est-il pass&#233;, bon sang?&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png" width="590" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:590,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:60179,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/201838044?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Que s&#8217;est-il pass&#233;? L&#8217;hyper-nomalisation, comme le montre Adam Curtis dans son monumental documentaire ?</p><p>Le terme a &#233;t&#233; emprunt&#233; au chercheur sovi&#233;tique Alexei Yurchak, qui l'utilisait pour d&#233;crire la soci&#233;t&#233; sovi&#233;tique s&#8217;effondrant : tout le monde &#8212; citoyens et responsables confondus &#8212; savait que le syst&#232;me &#233;tait d&#233;faillant, dysfonctionnel et fond&#233; sur des mensonges, pourtant chacun a continu&#233; &#224; se comporter comme s'il fonctionnait. Non par conviction, mais parce qu'aucune alternative n'&#233;tait imaginable &#8212; ce qui ne signifiait pas pour autant qu'il n'en existait pas. La fiction collective est devenue le ciment social.</p><div id="youtube2-Gr7T07WfIhM" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;Gr7T07WfIhM&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Gr7T07WfIhM?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Il est frappant de constater &#224; quel point ceux qui pr&#233;tendent proposer une alternative au mondialisme/europ&#233;isme/progressisme disposent en fait de la m&#234;me mentalit&#233;, du m&#234;me cadre de pens&#233;e reposant sur les m&#234;mes ressorts, induisant les m&#234;mes comportements que ceux qu&#8217;ils affirment combattre. Ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un effet de miroir: les oppositions ne s&#8217;opposent que sym&#233;triquement, le plan ne change pas. Personne n&#8217;a d&#8217;angle. </p><p>Hyper-normalisation. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Pour soutenir le travail de L&#8217;ECLAIREUR, choisissez votre abonnement, libre ou payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><p>Prenons le victimaire, insupportable attitude. Alors que les progressistes hurlent &#224; la discrimination - en fonction du genre, de la couleur de peau, de l&#8217;orientation sexuelle, de la confession etc. - pour diaboliser leurs adversaires, les &#8220;conservateurs&#8221; (convenons de les appeler comme &#231;a en opposition aux progressistes) l&#8217;ont remplac&#233; par la censure qui les frapperait du fait de leurs id&#233;es. </p><p>Nous ne disons pas que cela n&#8217;est pas bas&#233; sur un fond de v&#233;rit&#233;: la discrimination existe, la censure &#233;galement. Mais pas structurellement comme on voudrait nous le faire croire. Cela permet &#224; chaque camp de s&#8217;arroger le monopole de la souffrance et de s&#8217;exon&#233;rer de ses &#233;checs, donc de ses responsabilit&#233;s en les imputant &#224; des facteurs exog&#232;nes sur lesquels ils n&#8217;auraient aucune prise.</p><p>Les discours alarmistes sur le climat des progressistes ne prennent pas dans l&#8217;opinion? C&#8217;est &#224; cause des r&#233;seaux sociaux qui laissent les &#8220;climato-sceptiques&#8221; s&#8217;exprimer. La majorit&#233; des Fran&#231;ais, 80%, ne veut plus d&#8217;immigration incontr&#244;l&#233;e? La faute aux r&#233;seaux sociaux qui refl&#232;tent cette opinion majoritaire gr&#226;ce &#224; leur algorithmes. Les conservateurs perdent des &#233;lections? C&#8217;est parce les r&#233;seaux sociaux les ont censur&#233;s.</p><p>Personne ne se pose la question de l&#8217;ad&#233;quation de son discours avec l&#8217;opinion publique, qui est form&#233;e par la r&#233;alit&#233; v&#233;cue, pas par les m&#233;dias, et celle de l&#8217;ad&#233;quation de ses actes avec son discours. </p><p>Prenons La France Insoumise qui, alors qu&#8217;elle affirme vouloir faire partir Macron depuis 2017, l&#8217;a fait &#233;lire en 2017 et en 2022 et s&#8217;est empress&#233;e de ne pas saisir l&#8217;occasion de le faire partir lors des l&#233;gislatives en 2024 en faisant &#233;lire 159 d&#233;put&#233;s macronistes au second tour pour s&#8217;opposer &#224; un fascisme fantasm&#233;. Du c&#244;t&#233; du Rassemblement national, on n&#8217;a pas fait mieux en ne votant pas deux motions de censure qui auraient accul&#233; Macron soit &#224; une nouvelle dissolution, soit &#224; la d&#233;mission. Voil&#224; la r&#233;alit&#233; des actes de ses deux formations politiques. Le plan ne change pas. </p><p>Mais revenons &#224; la censure. Cela va si loin qu&#8217;elle est devenue un v&#233;ritable de fonds de commerce pour certains m&#233;dias alternatifs, qui par peur de se faire taxer d&#8217;antis&#233;mitisme ou d&#8217;autres qualificatifs peu flatteurs, ne sont pourtant pas g&#234;n&#233;s aux entournures de payer &#224; prix d&#8217;or, avec les donations qu&#8217;il ne cessent de r&#233;clamer &#224; leurs auditeurs, des &#233;ditorialistes d&#233;catis &#233;ructant derri&#232;re leur micro et qui n&#8217;apportent strictement aucune valeur ajout&#233;e au d&#233;bat.</p><p>Oui, &#224; l&#8217;apog&#233;e du wokisme, il y a eu une censure exerc&#233;e par les employ&#233;s de certaines plateformes, en particulier X et Meta, parce qu&#8217;on les a laiss&#233; faire. Oui, durant la Covid, toute opinion critique des politiques des gouvernements ont &#233;t&#233; syst&#233;matiquement r&#233;prim&#233;es, et ces m&#234;mes gouvernements ont saisi cette occasion pour tenter de faire taire leur opposants politiques.</p><p>Les plateformes en revanche se sont vite rendu compte des cons&#233;quences d&#233;l&#233;t&#232;res de cette censure sur leurs affaires, puisqu&#8217;un r&#233;seau social ne peut &#234;tre un r&#233;seau social qu&#8217;&#224; partir du moment o&#249; toutes les opinions pr&#233;sentes dans la soci&#233;t&#233; y sont &#233;quitablement repr&#233;sent&#233;es. Sinon, pertes importantes d&#8217;utilisateurs entra&#238;nant des pertes de revenus publicitaires et bien moins de collecte de donn&#233;es.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui en Europe, la censure extra-judiciaire est quasi-inexistante. Contrairement &#224; ce qui est avanc&#233; par les progressistes comme par les conservateurs, le Digital Services Act (DSA) est un &#233;chec total en mati&#232;re de contr&#244;le du discours, parce qu&#8217;il est impossible &#224; mettre en oeuvre. Pas nous qui le disons mais nos sources chez de nombreux r&#233;gulateurs (les fameux Digital Service Coordinators), au sein la Commission europ&#233;enne et des institutions judiciaires.</p><p>Prenons le cas de X. L&#8217;amende de 140 millions inflig&#233;e par la Commission europ&#233;enne est contest&#233;e en justice. C&#8217;est donc la CJUE qui en d&#233;cidera, pas la Commission, apr&#232;s des ann&#233;es de proc&#233;dure. Le DSA est tellement inefficace qu&#8217;en France le pouvoir en place a fait le choix d&#8217;instrumentaliser la justice p&#233;nale pour des motifs abscons dans des poursuites asym&#233;triques, puisque les incriminations retenues contre X peuvent l&#8217;&#234;tre pour toutes les autres plateformes, qui ne sont pas poursuivies. </p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;95bc1dbc-f548-4abb-851b-5c9cc8bebd4e&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&#8220;Les cons, &#231;a ose tout. C&#8217;est m&#234;me &#224; &#231;a qu&#8217;on les reconnait&#8221; va la fameuse r&#233;plique &#233;crite par Michel Audiard et d&#233;livr&#233;e par Lino Ventura dans le chef d&#8217;&#339;uvre de George Lautner, Les Tontons Fligueurs.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Flash ] La mise en examen de X&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-08T07:54:03.911Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f06eb405-f024-4f94-bfc5-09cc861276cf_784x1168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/flash-la-mise-en-examen-de-x&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:196857042,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:14,&quot;comment_count&quot;:4,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Notons toutefois que le DSA n'est pas d&#233;pourvu de qualit&#233;s. Il affirme notamment qu'un service d'interm&#233;diation num&#233;rique garantissant le chiffrement des communications et l'anonymat des utilisateurs ne saurait &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233; comme ill&#233;gal ou criminel &#8212; sauf s'il a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment con&#231;u pour faciliter des activit&#233;s criminelles.</p><p>Au sujet des tiers de confiance agr&#233;&#233;s par les Etats, citons, pour bien prendre la mesure de la r&#233;alit&#233;, ce que nous a dit candidement un cadre dirigeant d&#8217;une tr&#232;s grande plateforme: &#8220;Les tiers de confiance signalent en priorit&#233;. Nous leur r&#233;pondons en priorit&#233; et les envoyons balader dans l&#8217;&#233;crasante majorit&#233; des cas. Entre temps, ces ONG ne peuvent pas nous poursuivre comme elles le faisaient auparavant. Nous sommes ravis&#8221;. </p><p>Rappelons que l&#8217;ann&#233;e derni&#232;re, en 16 jours, le tribunal judiciaire de Paris a rendu trois arr&#234;ts fondateurs qui r&#233;affirment que la libert&#233; d&#8217;expression est la norme, qu&#8217;elle ne peut &#234;tre restreinte que dans le cas de propos manifestement illicites &#233;tablis par des preuves concr&#232;tes; qu&#8217;une opinion subjective ne sautait &#234;tre censur&#233;e; que la libert&#233; d&#8217;expression et le droit &#224; l&#8217;information priment sur le droit &#224; l&#8217;oubli; et s&#8217;exprimer de mani&#232;re anonyme n&#8217;est pas en soi illicite. Quand on conna&#238;t l&#8217;enfer qu&#8217;est l&#8217;audiencement, il se s&#8217;agit pas d&#8217;une co&#239;ncidence mais d&#8217;un message qu&#8217;a envoy&#233; l&#8217;institution judiciaire: elle refuse que son monopole du contr&#244;le de l&#8217;exercice des libert&#233;s soit &#233;corn&#233;.</p><p>Nous ne disons pas que la volont&#233; de censure ne doit pas &#234;tre farouchement combattue. La libert&#233; d&#8217;expression est le fondement de toute d&#233;mocratie. Nous affirmons en revanche que tous ceux qui arriveront au pouvoir se comporteront de la m&#234;me mani&#232;re que ceux qui y sont afin d&#8217;y rester. Il faudrait &#234;tre na&#239;f pour croire que La France Insoumise ou le Rassemblement National, une fois aux affaires, ne chercheront pas &#224; utiliser la puissance de l&#8217;Etat pour faire taire critiques et opposants. Ils ne feront pas mieux en mati&#232;re de libert&#233; d&#8217;expression que le bloc du centre.</p><p>Donald Trump a &#233;t&#233; &#233;lu par deux fois parce que son discours &#233;tait en phase avec l&#8217;opinion publique. Lors de son premier mandat, il a &#233;t&#233; incapable de livrer parce qu&#8217;il n&#8217;a pas eu la force de surmonter les manipulations de l&#8217;Etat profond et des m&#233;dias mainstream. Elu une deuxi&#232;me fois gr&#226;ce &#224; la catastrophe que fut le mandat de Joe Biden, il s&#8217;est empress&#233; de faire le contraire de ce qu&#8217;il avait promis. </p><p>Hyper-normalisation.</p><p>Les politiciens sont aujourd&#8217;hui pour beaucoup des professionnels de la parole incapables d&#8217;agir - c&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs sur cette base que le personnel politique est s&#233;lectionn&#233; dans l&#8217;ensemble des partis. Et c&#8217;est parce qu&#8217;ils n&#8217;ont que le discours, parce qu&#8217;ils sont intimement convaincus que parler est agir - c&#8217;est dire leur niveau d&#8217;infantilisme relevant de la pens&#233;e magique - qu&#8217;ils ne cesseront d&#8217;essayer de contr&#244;ler le discours par tous les moyens, y compris la censure. </p><p>Concluons avec les &#233;lections, qui dans les pays europ&#233;ens, contrairement aux USA, sont tr&#232;s difficiles &#224; truquer &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle nationale, parce que voter n&#233;cessite la pr&#233;sentation d&#8217;une pi&#232;ce d&#8217;identit&#233; et parce qu&#8217;on vote avec des bulletins papier pour un seul scrutin &#224; la fois.</p><p>Il a fallu l&#8217;intervention de la haute magistrature en 2017 pour &#233;carter Fran&#231;ois Fillon afin qu&#8217;Emmanuel Macron puisse passer le premier tour et ultimement &#234;tre &#233;lu. En Roumanie, l&#8217;&#233;tranger a tordu le bras de la Cour constitutionnelle pour qu&#8217;elle invalide l&#8217;ensemble du processus &#233;lectoral de la pr&#233;sidentielle de 2024, alors qu&#8217;elle venait de valider une semaine auparavant les r&#233;sultats du premier tour lors duquel Calin Georgescu &#233;tait arriv&#233; en t&#234;te. En Hongrie l&#8217;&#233;lection de Peter Magyar s&#8217;explique principalement par l&#8217;usure de Viktor Orban, 16 ans premier ministre sans discontinuer, et le chantage aux fonds structurels europ&#233;ens, sans lesquels l&#8217;ensemble des pays d&#8217;Europe  l&#8217;orientale et centrale feraient d&#233;faut. </p><p>Contr&#244;ler le discours politique en finan&#231;ant &#224; coup de milliards des ONG et des m&#233;dias est inop&#233;rant. La r&#233;gulation des plateformes l&#8217;est aussi.</p><p>Autant dire qu&#8217;en France ou en Allemagne, annuler un processus &#233;lectoral national au motif d&#8217;influences &#233;trang&#232;res ne passera pas, ni juridiquement ni dans l&#8217;opinion publique, puisque nous disposons aujourd&#8217;hui de la preuve que les m&#233;dias et les r&#233;seaux sociaux n&#8217;ont pas d&#8217;influence suffisante pour ob&#233;rer la sinc&#233;rit&#233; d&#8217;un scrutin. L&#8217;institution judiciaire ne semble pas le moment avoir l&#8217;intention d&#8217;intervenir, soucieuse de sa survie et de s&#8217;en sortir sans trop de dommages en cas d&#8217;alternance.</p><p>Les pouvoirs en place n&#8217;ont plus de solution. Le probl&#232;me est que ceux qui esp&#232;rent leur ravir le pouvoir n&#8217;en ont pas non plus. </p><p>Hyper-normalisation.</p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[AI, An Intelligent Con (Part Five) - Fable 5 Is a Fable, Mythos 5 Is a Myth]]></title><description><![CDATA[The most advanced models are useless for over 99% of use cases. Open-source models are more than enough.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-con-part-five-fable</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-con-part-five-fable</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 17:52:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg" width="728" height="485.3333333333333" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:408,&quot;width&quot;:612,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Illustration by ANTHROPIC, August 1, 2025. Anthropic is an American artificial intelligence (intelligence artificielle company founded in 2021. It...&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Illustration by ANTHROPIC, August 1, 2025. Anthropic is an American artificial intelligence (intelligence artificielle company founded in 2021. It..." title="Illustration by ANTHROPIC, August 1, 2025. Anthropic is an American artificial intelligence (intelligence artificielle company founded in 2021. It..." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gIG6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ccbd1c2-0762-4adb-8ae2-2b8eda15998f_612x408.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The Trump administration has issued an export ban on Anthropic&#8217;s two most advanced models &#8212; Fable 5 (the safety-bridled, guardrail-laden public version of Mythos 5) and Mythos 5 itself &#8212; barring all foreign nationals from access, including those on US soil. The catch: one of Anthropic&#8217;s chief scientists, Andrej Karpathy (OpenAI co-founder, Tesla alumnus, and the man responsible for pre-training &#8212; the single most critical phase in model development) is not an American citizen and can no longer, in theory, work on the very models he helps build.</p><p>Doesn&#8217;t this ring a bell? Remember Apple&#8217;s PowerPC M4 chip in 1999, or PGP encryption in 1991 &#8212; both banned from export on grounds of national security that were, to put it plainly, idiotic? Donald Trump&#8217;s decision &#8212; in which Andy Jassy, Amazon&#8217;s CEO and one of Anthropic&#8217;s principal shareholders, whose company counts Anthropic as its biggest AWS AI client, representing 80% of its backlog, is said to have played a significant role &#8212; will have catastrophic consequences that will accelerate the implosion of the bubble. China is rubbing its hands together, as we reported as early as January 2025.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;0da9a6dd-dca6-408b-8e99-060dcd5d2e95&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;While the West obsesses over AI stock valuations&#8212;profitability can wait&#8212;China has chosen a far wiser and more disciplined path. Instead of crippling its own industry with unsustainable electricity prices driven by the voracious appetite of data centers, along with every other negative externality (soaring costs of critical raw materials like copper and &#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Repub ] China Has Just Annihilated America's Predatory Techno-Capitalism&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-05T05:57:17.206Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/repub-china-has-just-annihilated&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:200720168,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:3,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Faced with the export ban targeting Fable 5 and Mythos 5, Anthropic's latest flagship models, a holy terror has seized France's political and media class, which promptly broke into its customary chorus: sovereignty &#8212; European sovereignty, naturally, a phrase that means approximately nothing &#8212;, the geopoliticisation of AI, technological warfare. Given the depth of knowledge and understanding these people actually bring to the subject, we might as well be taking tech policy advice from the Simpsons' Mayor Quimby</p><p>The tech-brained simpletons, meanwhile, are rolling on the floor, weeping and tearing their hair out &#8212; already traumatised by Apple's suspension of Siri in Europe, without which they cannot figure out how to order their sushi and their artisanal sourdough.</p><p>Read also</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;ea584afd-89ea-4738-ab60-8e8f6bef815a&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;In the first three installments of this series, we demonstrated &#8212; evidence in hand &#8212; that AI will generate no productivity gains and will prove economically unviable for the overwhelming majority of tasks.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI, An Intelligent Con (Part 4): It's Quantum, Stupid! &quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-29T23:35:29.562Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZce!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ebc23a1-d096-402f-ba43-129949c4aece_533x400.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-con-part-4-its&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:199806602,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. Consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>
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      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[IA, intelligente arnaque (5e partie). Fable 5 est une fable, Mythos 5 est un mythe]]></title><description><![CDATA[Les mod&#232;les les plus avanc&#233;s sont inutiles pour plus de 99% des cas d'utilisation. Les mod&#232;les open source suffisent amplement.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque-5e-partie</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque-5e-partie</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 17:19:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp" width="728" height="318.5" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:637,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Anthropic a publi&#233; Claude Mythos (Fable 5) mais a d&#233;sactiv&#233; les fonctionnalit&#233;s de piratage et de biologie&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Anthropic a publi&#233; Claude Mythos (Fable 5) mais a d&#233;sactiv&#233; les fonctionnalit&#233;s de piratage et de biologie" title="Anthropic a publi&#233; Claude Mythos (Fable 5) mais a d&#233;sactiv&#233; les fonctionnalit&#233;s de piratage et de biologie" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jYrt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33b2315b-307e-402d-b6c1-38ae2ae74ea2_1600x700.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>L&#8217;administration Trump a publi&#233; un d&#233;cret d&#8217;interdiction d&#8217;exportation des deux mod&#232;les les plus avanc&#233;s d&#8217;Anthropic, Fable 5 (la version brid&#233;e de Mythos 5 incluant tout un tas de gardes-fous) et Mythos 5, les soustrayant &#224; l&#8217;usage de tous les citoyens &#233;trangers, y compris aux Etats-Unis. Probl&#232;me: l&#8217;un des directeurs scientifiques d&#8217;Anthropic, Andrej Karpathy (co-fondateur d&#8217;Open AI et ancien de chez Tesla, responsable du pr&#233;-entrainement<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, la phase la plus critique dans le d&#233;veloppement d&#8217;un mod&#232;le) n&#8217;est pas citoyen am&#233;ricain et ne peut plus, en th&#233;orie, travailler sur les mod&#232;les qu&#8217;il contribue &#224; cr&#233;er&#8230;</p><p>Ca ne vous rappelle pas le microprocesseur PowerPC M4 d&#8217;Apple en 1999 et le chiffrement PGP en 1991, interdits &#224; l&#8217;exportation pour des raisons de s&#233;curit&#233; nationale parfaitement imb&#233;ciles? La d&#233;cision de Donald Trump (dans laquelle Andy Jassy - le patron d&#8217;Amazon qui est l&#8217;un des principaux actionnaires d&#8217;Anthropic, qui est le gros client d&#8217;Amazon Web Service pour l&#8217;IA, repr&#233;sentant 80% de son backlog<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> - aurait jou&#233; un r&#244;le important) aura des cons&#233;quences catastrophiques qui acc&#233;l&#233;reront l&#8217;implosion de la bulle. La Chine se frotte les mains, comme nous l&#8217;avons rapport&#233; d&#232;s janvier 2025.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;60f035dd-d6de-49e3-96d2-8d6584f595b4&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Alors qu&#8217;en Occident on ne parle que de valorisation boursi&#232;re de l&#8217;IA - la rentabilit&#233; attendra - la Chine a adopt&#233; une approche diff&#233;rente et bi&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Republication ] La Chine vient d'annihiler le techno-capitalisme pr&#233;dateur am&#233;ricain&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-05T05:08:15.706Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e31f7bd-8d88-43d3-a947-2b9fd3a19ccd_1007x715.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/republication-la-chine-vient-dannihiler&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:200648096,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:15,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Face &#224; l'interdiction d'exportation frappant Fable 5 et Mythos 5, les derniers mod&#232;les phares d'Anthropic, une sainte terreur s'est empar&#233;e de la classe politique et m&#233;diatique fran&#231;aise, qui a entonn&#233; &#224; l'unisson ses grands discours habituels : souverainet&#233; &#8212; europ&#233;enne, bien s&#251;r, ce qui ne veut &#224; peu pr&#232;s rien dire &#8212;, g&#233;opolitisation de l'IA, guerre technologique. Vu le niveau de connaissance et de compr&#233;hension du sujet dont ces gens font preuve, on est globalement au niveau du maire de Champignac dans Spirou.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png" width="728" height="486.5466666666667" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:401,&quot;width&quot;:600,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Extrait de Le rayon noir, o&#249; le Maire est en difficult&#233;...&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Extrait de Le rayon noir, o&#249; le Maire est en difficult&#233;..." title="Extrait de Le rayon noir, o&#249; le Maire est en difficult&#233;..." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Twys!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F282707f3-a830-42fa-8ca0-7cb84ec508c9_600x401.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Extrait du &#8220;Rayon Noir&#8221;, &#169; Dupuis.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Les techno-neuneus, eux, se roulent par terre, en larmes et en s'arrachant les cheveux &#8212; d&#233;j&#224; traumatis&#233;s par la mise en veille de Siri par Apple en Europe, sans laquelle ils ne savent pas commander leurs sushis et leur tasty crousty.</p><p>A lire &#233;galement :</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;db2313ee-917f-4d0e-bbe6-6f0349d27fbf&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Dans les trois premiers volets de cette s&#233;rie, nous avons d&#233;montr&#233; preuves &#224; l&#8217;appui que l&#8217;IA ne g&#233;n&#232;rera pas de gains de productivit&#233; et ne sera pas &#233;conomiquement viable pour accomplir l&#8217;&#233;crasante majorit&#233; des t&#226;ches. Ne cherchez pas, c&#8217;est quantique.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;IA, Intelligente Arnaque (4e partie): c'est quantique&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-29T20:15:01.197Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQ3N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f6f7a58-14ab-47c2-9cf1-41c39647c4e7_1200x765.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque-4e-partie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:198940693,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:11,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Pour soutenir le travail de L&#8217;ECLAIREUR, choisissez votre abonnement, libre ou gratuit.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ Editorial ] Change Is Soon? Not Quite]]></title><description><![CDATA[In Europe, conservative, nationalist, and populist parties are unlikely to change a damn thing.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/editorial-change-is-soon-not-quite</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/editorial-change-is-soon-not-quite</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 13 Jun 2026 11:11:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png" width="1248" height="832" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9op8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff50fab19-4672-4a9e-a222-2c4003938af6_1248x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ai generated picture</figcaption></figure></div><p>Republican Congressman Thomas Massie of Kentucky delivers a damning verdict. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png" width="590" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:590,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eLji!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7a5aff68-e75d-46e3-a3bf-0346de7ced58_590x450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>What the hell happened? Hypernormalisation, as Adam Curtis lays bare in his seminal documentary? </p><p>The term was borrowed from Soviet scholar Alexei Yurchak, who used it to describe late Soviet society: everyone &#8212; citizens and officials alike &#8212; knew the system was broken, dysfunctional, and built on lies, yet everyone kept performing as though it worked. Not out of genuine belief, but because no alternative was <em>imaginable - </em>which did not mean that one did not exist. The collective pretence became the social glue.</p><div id="youtube2-Gr7T07WfIhM" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;Gr7T07WfIhM&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Gr7T07WfIhM?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>It is striking how those who claim to offer an alternative to globalism, Europeanism, and progressivism operate with the same mindset, the same intellectual framework, the same reflexes, and exhibit the same behaviours as those they purport to fight. Pure mirror play: oppositions only oppose each other symmetrically. No one has an angle. The reflection plane - the script -  never changes. </p><p>Hypernormalisation.</p><p>Take the victimhood reflex &#8212; that insufferable posture. While progressives cry discrimination on grounds of gender, colour, or sexual orientation to demonise their opponents, &#8220;conservatives&#8221; &#8212; let us call them that, for want of a better generic term &#8212; have simply swapped it out for the censorship they claim to suffer on account of their ideas.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>We are not saying this is entirely without ground. Discrimination exists. So does censorship. But not in the structural, all-pervasive way we are meant to believe &#8212; a convenient fiction that allows each camp to monopolise suffering, dodge accountability, and blame for their failures external forces they claim are beyond their control.</p><p>Progressive climate alarmism failing to land with the public? Blame social media for platforming sceptics. Eighty percent of French people opposing uncontrolled immigration? Blame social media for reflecting that majority view. Conservatives losing elections? Social media censorship, obviously.</p><p>Nobody stops to ask whether their message actually resonates with public opinion &#8212; shaped by lived reality, not by media &#8212; and subsequently whether their actions match their words.</p><p>Take La France Insoumise, the French radical left-wing party that has loudly demanded Macron&#8217;s departure since 2017, yet helped elect him twice (2017 and 2022), then squandered the 2024 legislative opening to give him the boot by engineering the election of 159 Macronist MPs in the second round &#8212; all to fend off a thouroughly fictitious fascism. The National Rally did no better, twice abstaining on no-confidence motions that would have cornered Macron into either a new parliamentary recall or resignation. That is the reality of what these two parties actually do. The script never changes.</p><p>But back to censorship. The grievance has become so lucrative it now functions as a fully-fledged business model for certain French alternative media outlets &#8212; outlets with no qualms about burning the bulk of their audience&#8217;s donations on washed-up, irrelevant boomer commentators who&#8217;ve been around for fifty years, bellowing into microphones and contributing close to nothing to public debate.</p><p>Indeed, at the height of woke capture, employees at certain platforms &#8212; Twitter and Meta in particular &#8212; did exercise censorship, because they were allowed to. Yes, during Covid, any criticism of government policy was systematically suppressed, and those same governments seized the moment to try to silence political opponents.</p><p>The platforms, however, quickly grasped the commercial damage. A social network only works when all opinions present in society are fairly represented. Anything less means haemorrhaging users, advertising revenue, and data.</p><p>Today in Europe, extra-judicial censorship is virtually non-existent. Contrary to what both progressives and conservatives insist, the Digital Services Act is a comprehensive failure as a speech-control instrument &#8212; because it is simply unenforceable. Not our claim, but the assessment of sources inside the regulatory apparatus itself: Digital Services Coordinators, the European Commission, and judicial institutions.</p><p>Take X. The &#8364;140 million fine handed down by the Commission is being challenged in court &#8212; the CJEU will decide, not the Commission. Don&#8217;t hold your breath: It&#8217;ll take years before the first ruling. The DSA is so toothless that the French government has resorted to weaponising criminal justice through asymmetric prosecutions - possibly unlawful ones, since the charges brought against X could equally apply to every other platform, none of which are being prosecuted.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;b2f68f30-8af8-4ada-9c73-760cf332b904&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Translation of the above press release, by the Paris Procecutor&#8217;s Office.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Flash ] X Indicted&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-08T05:26:55.822Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b354a095-76b0-408a-8212-993bd4cc8584_800x541.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/flash-x-indicted&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:196863398,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;comment_count&quot;:1,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Not everything in the DSA is without merit, it should be said. For instance, it explicitly stipulates that providing a digital intermediation service guaranteeing encrypted communications and user anonymity cannot be deemed illegal or criminal, unless the service was designed specifically to support criminal activities.</p><p>As for state-approved trusted flaggers, a senior executive at a major platform was refreshingly blunt when we spoke with him: &#8220;Trusted flaggers get priority processing. We respond to them first &#8212; and in the majority of cases, we flip them the bird. Meanwhile, these NGOs can no longer sue us the way they used to. We couldn&#8217;t be happier.&#8221;</p><p>It is also worth recalling that last year in July, within sixteen days, the Paris judiciary tribunal handed down three landmark rulings with regards to DSA implementation, stating: that freedom of expression is the rule, not the exception; that it can only be restricted in cases of manifestly unlawful speech supported by concrete evidence; that subjective opinions cannot be censored; that freedom of expression and the right to information take precedence over the right to oblivion; and that anonymous speech is not in itself unlawful. </p><p>Anyone familiar with the chronic backlog of French courts knows this was no coincidence. It was a message from the judiciary: it will not tolerate having its monopoly over the control of the exercice of freedoms encroached upon.</p><p>We are not arguing that the censorship impulse should not be fought tooth and nail &#8212; freedom of expression is the bedrock of any democracy. What we are claiming is that every party that reaches power will, <em>all things being equal, </em>behave exactly like those already there, in order to stay there. One would have to be profoundly naive to believe that La France Insoumise or the National Rally, once in office, would not reach for state power to silence critics and opponents. They will be no better on freedom of expression than the centrist bloc.</p><p>Donald Trump was elected twice because his message was in tune with public opinion, against the establishment. During his first term, he proved incapable of delivery, unable to overcome the machinations of the deep state and the mainstream media. Elected a second time on the back of the Biden disaster, he promptly did the opposite of what he was elected for.</p><p>Hypernormalisation.</p><p>Today&#8217;s politicians are professional talking heads congenitally incapable of action &#8212; and it is on this basis that political personnel are selected, across all parties. Because they have nothing but words, because they are genuinely convinced that speaking is acting &#8212; which speaks volumes about their magical, infantile thinking &#8212; they will never stop trying to control speech by every means available, including censorship.</p><p>Let us close with elections &#8212; which in European countries, unlike the United States, are extremely difficult to rig, since voting requires ID and is conducted overwhelmingly on paper ballots, one race at a time.</p><p>It took intervention by the French senior judiciary in 2017 to sideline Fran&#231;ois Fillon so that Macron could clear the first round and ultimately win. In Romania, foreign pressure strong-armed the Constitutional Court into annulling the entire 2024 presidential process &#8212; just one week after it had validated first-round results in which C&#259;lin Georgescu had come first. In Hungary, Peter Magyar&#8217;s victory is explained primarily by Orb&#225;n&#8217;s fatigue after sixteen uninterrupted years in power, compounded by Brussels&#8217; structural funds blackmail &#8212; without which virtually every country in Central and Eastern Europe would be in default.</p><p>Spending billions funding NGOs and media outlets to control political discourse has proven ineffective. So has platform regulation.</p><p>Which means that in France or Germany next year, attempting to cancel an election on grounds of foreign interference will not fly &#8212; neither legally nor in public opinion &#8212; given that we now have concrete proof that media and social networks lack sufficient influence to meaningfully compromise the integrity of a vote. And it does not look like the French judiciary will intervene, with a view to remain unscathed and preserve its prerogatives in case of an alternation. </p><p>Those in power have run out of solutions. The problem is that those hoping to replace them have none either.</p><p>Hypernormalisation. </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[EU Prosecutor General Pushes for Greater Transparency on Covid Vaccine Contracts]]></title><description><![CDATA[But von der Leyen's SMS Remain the Legal Black Hole of European Politics.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/eu-prosecutor-general-pushes-for</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/eu-prosecutor-general-pushes-for</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Patricia Cerinsek]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 09:36:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png" width="1456" height="976" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:976,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2009267,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/201717099?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vre1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f2cf738-3a1d-4b4e-baa0-7997af7a0f3f_1838x1232.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Athanasios Rantos, Prosecutor General at the European Court of Justice (ECJ), has delivered<a href="https://curia.europa.eu/site/upload/docs/application/pdf/2026-06/cp260086en.pdf"> his opinion</a> in a key case concerning public access to Covid-19 vaccine procurement contracts. He has recommended that the Court uphold the EU General Court&#8217;s July 2024 rulings, which sided against the European Commission on transparency issues.</p><p>During the pandemic, the Commission negotiated multi-billion-euro contracts on behalf of EU member states with pharmaceutical companies including Pfizer and BioNTech. When MEPs and citizens requested access to the documents, the Commission released heavily redacted versions. It withheld, among other details, the names of the negotiators &#8212; information needed to check for potential conflicts of interest &#8212; and the pharmaceutical companies&#8217; liability and indemnification clauses, citing privacy and commercial confidentiality.</p><p>As the ECJ typically follows the Advocate General&#8217;s opinions in most cases, the Commission appears headed for a formal rebuke. Brussels will likely be required to improve transparency and grant better public access to official documents. It may even have to publish less-redacted versions of the contracts to comply with the judgment.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/eu-prosecutor-general-pushes-for">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Bruxelles ou l'institutionnalisation de l'opacité]]></title><description><![CDATA[Sur les contrats de vaccins Covid, l'avocat g&#233;n&#233;ral donne tort &#224; la Commission europ&#233;enne. Une victoire annonc&#233;e tr&#232;s symbolique alors que les SMS restent un angle mort juridique.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/bruxelles-ou-linstitutionnalisation</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/bruxelles-ou-linstitutionnalisation</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Patricia Cerinsek]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 08:16:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png" width="1456" height="1017" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1017,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1851152,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/201654221?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QrKr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c8f9975-e16e-4a94-b2a7-6cc9d9167978_1690x1181.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Cour de justice de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne</figcaption></figure></div><p>Athanasios Rantos, l'avocat g&#233;n&#233;ral de la plus haute juridiction de l&#8217;UE, la Cour de justice de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne a rendu ses <a href="https://curia.europa.eu/site/upload/docs/application/pdf/2026-06/cp260086fr.pdf">conclusions</a>. Il propose &#224; la Cour de confirmer les arr&#234;ts du tribunal de l&#8217;UE de juillet 2024 qui avaient donn&#233; tort &#224; la Commission europ&#233;enne sur l'acc&#232;s aux contrats d'achat de vaccins Covid.</p><p>Durant la pand&#233;mie, la Commission avait n&#233;goci&#233; au nom des &#201;tats membres des contrats de plusieurs milliards d&#8217;euros avec des laboratoires comme Pfizer et BioNTech. Lorsque des d&#233;put&#233;s europ&#233;ens et des citoyens avaient demand&#233; l'acc&#232;s aux documents, la Commission avait publi&#233; des versions largement caviard&#233;es, occultant notamment les noms des membres de l&#8217;&#233;quipe de n&#233;gociation - n&#233;cessaire pour v&#233;rifier l&#8217;absence de conflits d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;ts - et les clauses d&#8217;indemnisation des laboratoires pharmaceutiques, invoquant la protection de la vie priv&#233;e et le secret des affaires.</p><p>La Cour suivant dans la majorit&#233; des cas les conclusions de l&#8217;avocat g&#233;n&#233;ral, on s&#8217;achemine tout droit vers une condamnation de la Commission europ&#233;enne. Bruxelles en sera quitte &#224; faire davantage oeuvre de transparence et permettre un meilleur acc&#232;s aux documents publics. Voire &#224; devoir appliquer le jugement en publiant une version moins expurg&#233;e des contrats ?</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Pour soutenir de le travail de L&#8217;ECLAIREUR, choisissez votre abonnement, libre ou gratuit.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La pomme pourrie de la discorde]]></title><description><![CDATA[Stupeur, cris et convulsions suite &#224; la d&#233;cision d'Apple de ne pas distribuer son assistant personnel Siri AI au sein de l'UE. App Intents, le cadre introduit avec iOS 16, est hautement probl&#233;matique.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/la-pomme-pourrie-de-la-discorde</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/la-pomme-pourrie-de-la-discorde</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 11:02:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg" width="1000" height="600" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Comprendre le logo d'Apple : pourquoi une pomme croqu&#233;e&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Comprendre le logo d'Apple : pourquoi une pomme croqu&#233;e" title="Comprendre le logo d'Apple : pourquoi une pomme croqu&#233;e" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WFQ9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c27350a-de11-4af6-b80f-645ac22eab91_1000x600.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Apple est technologiquement une gigantesque arnaque. Depuis toujours. Steve Jobs a litt&#233;ralement vol&#233; le principe de la souris et de l&#8217;interface graphique qu&#8217;il avait vu sur un prototype lors d&#8217;une visite au Xerox Park, le centre de recherche et d&#233;veloppement de Rank Xerox. MacOS? Ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;une version <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix">d&#8217;UNIX</a> (open source) sur une fondation dite &#8220;Darwin&#8221;.  </p><p>iOs, le syst&#232;me d&#8217;exploitation des iPhones, Ipads, iWatch etc. est &#233;galement bas&#233; sur UNIX mais avec des restrictions telles que cela en fait un syst&#232;me propri&#233;taire et ferm&#233; qui permet &#224; Apple de tout contr&#244;ler, en particulier la certification et la distribution des applications. </p><p>Pratique pour &#233;craser toute de concurrence et racketter les d&#233;veloppeurs en leur louant &#224; prix d&#8217;or l&#8217;acc&#232;s &#224; la bo&#238;te &#224; outil de d&#233;veloppement, les API (les interfaces de programmation d'applications) et pr&#233;lever de juteuses commissions sur la vente d&#8217;applications, qui doivent &#234;tre sign&#233;es avec un certificat Apple. Contr&#244;le total, on vous dit. L&#8217;appareil que vous avez achet&#233; dans les faits ne vous appartient pas, au sens o&#249; vous ne pouvez pas en faire ce que vous voulez.</p><p>Google a fait exactement la m&#234;me chose avec Android, qui est une distribution de Linux sur laquelle la firme de Palo Alto a rajout&#233; des briques propri&#233;taires. Sauf qu&#8217;Android est open source, ce qui limite bien des risques, comme nous le verrons plus bas dans cet article.</p><p>Le dernier psychodrame en date est la d&#233;cision d&#8217;Apple de ne pas offrir Siri AI sur iOS (donc sur les iPhones et iPads), dans l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne. Rien &#224; voir avec le &#8220;Digital Market Act&#8221;, le r&#232;glement du conseil qui encadre le march&#233; num&#233;rique. Tout &#224; voir avec plus de 25 ans de jurisprudence en mati&#232;re de concurrence, de lutte contre les monopoles et les abus de position dominante. Ca nous fait mal de le dire, mais quand il faut, il faut: la Commission europ&#233;enne a raison. Et quand la Commission a raison, la d&#233;ontologie journalistique veut que nous le disions.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png" width="591" height="647" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:647,&quot;width&quot;:591,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:126759,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/201408635?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QpxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb892317f-8330-45b6-a339-45ea528f6948_591x647.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Pourquoi ? Le droit europ&#233;en de la concurrence et la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l&#8217;Union europ&#233;enne imposent que tous les agents tiers en concurrence avec Siri disposent d&#8217;un acc&#232;s identique aux fonctionnalit&#233;s d&#8217;iOS. Apple s&#8217;y refuse cat&#233;goriquement, se retranchant derri&#232;re le paravent commode des &#171; pr&#233;occupations de s&#233;curit&#233; &#187;. La firme de Cupertino a, dans sa grande mansu&#233;tude, propos&#233; son propre cadre de &#171; Trusted System Agent &#187; &#8212; des agents d&#8217;IA certifi&#233;s par Apple, naturellement. Qui contr&#244;lera ce que vous aurez le droit d&#8217;utiliser.</p><p>La s&#233;curit&#233; n&#8217;a strictement rien &#224; voir l&#224;-dedans. Il s&#8217;agit, comme toujours, d&#8217;une seule et unique chose : le verrouillage de l&#8217;&#233;cosyst&#232;me. En d&#8217;autres termes : monopole.</p><p>Et comme vous allez le constater, le cadre qu&#8217;Apple a introduit avec iOS 16 est profond&#233;ment pr&#233;occupant - et pas seulement sur le plan &#233;conomique. Ses implications pour la vie priv&#233;e et la protection des donn&#233;es personnelles sont, elles, proprement alarmantes.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Pour soutenir de le travail de L&#8217;ECLARIEUR, choisissez votre abonnement, libre ou gratuit.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>
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          <a href="https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/la-pomme-pourrie-de-la-discorde">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Rotten Apple and EU Competition Law]]></title><description><![CDATA[Shock, outrage, and convulsion among the techno-sheeps: Apple pulls Siri AI from the EU. Well, Apple's App Intent framework is highly problematic. Apple is wrong. The European Commission is right.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/rotten-apple-and-eu-competition-law</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/rotten-apple-and-eu-competition-law</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 09:12:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png" width="764" height="748" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:748,&quot;width&quot;:764,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2c9u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe50a72fd-75a0-4801-b7d8-82c11575faa0_764x748.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Grok did it</figcaption></figure></div><p>Apple is, technologically speaking, one colossal scam. It always has been.</p><p>Steve Jobs quite literally <em>stole</em> the concept of the mouse and graphical user interface after glimpsing a prototype during a visit to Xerox PARC, the R&amp;D center of Rank Xerox. MacOS? It&#8217;s nothing more than a dressed-up version of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix">UNIX</a> (open source) built on a foundation called &#8220;Darwin.&#8221;</p><p>iOS &#8212; the operating system powering iPhones, iPads, Apple Watches, and the rest of the shiny menagerie &#8212; is equally Unix-based, except Apple has buried it under such a mountain of restrictions that it functions as a fully proprietary, locked-down system designed for one purpose above all else: total control<strong>.</strong> Control over app certification, control over app distribution, control over you.</p><p>How convenient. What a racket. Developers get to pay through the nose for access to the development toolkit, the APIs, and the privilege of selling their apps &#8212; apps that must, naturally, be signed with an Apple certificate. And Apple, ever the gracious host, helps itself to a tidy commission on every app sale. The device you handed over your hard-earned cash for? It&#8217;s yours in name only. You can&#8217;t actually <em>do</em> what you want with it.</p><p>Google pulled the exact same trick with Android &#8212; a Linux distribution dressed up with proprietary add-ons courtesy of the Palo Alto giant. The key difference, at least, is that Android remains open source, which curtails some abuses &#8212; as we&#8217;ll examine further on in this article.</p><p>The latest drama in this ongoing saga: Apple&#8217;s decision to withhold its AI Siri features from iOS in the EU. That&#8217;s not about the EU&#8217;s Digital Market Act. That&#8217;s about over 25 years of anti-trust and competition case law, on both sides of the Atlantic.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Portefeuille électronique: c'est pas sorcier (1ère partie)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Tentative d'explication des techniques qu'il y a derri&#232;re le portefeuille &#233;lectronique et de pourquoi, en l'&#233;tat, les choix techniques de la Commission europ&#233;enne ne sont pas &#224; la hauteur.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/portefeuille-electronique-cest-pas</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/portefeuille-electronique-cest-pas</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 13:35:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp" width="1024" height="683" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:683,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;portefeuille identit&#233; num&#233;rique europ&#233;en EUDIW eIDAS 2.0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="portefeuille identit&#233; num&#233;rique europ&#233;en EUDIW eIDAS 2.0" title="portefeuille identit&#233; num&#233;rique europ&#233;en EUDIW eIDAS 2.0" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aLmX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F452214dc-62b7-49ce-bfd5-3cbb7f348a3e_1024x683.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le portefeuille &#233;lectronique europ&#233;en s&#8217;annonce tr&#232;s probl&#233;matique. La Commission europ&#233;enne tente de le faire passer au forceps pour des raisons politiques et cherche &#224; imposer sa solution technique d&#233;pendante de Google et d&#8217;Apple.</p><p>Pas nous qui le disons mais tous les &#233;minents cryptographes, sp&#233;cialistes de la s&#233;curit&#233; et de la protection de la vie priv&#233;e, auxquels nous avons parl&#233;. Voir les quatre articles ci-apr&#232;s.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;03920283-d916-4562-a569-47e796a66e09&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Alors que des failles dans son dispositif de s&#233;curit&#233; sont r&#233;v&#233;l&#233;es chaque jour qui passe, que plusieurs centaines de scientifiques et experts en cybers&#233;curit&#233; du monde entier ont sign&#233; d&#233;but mars une lettre ouverte dans laquelle ils r&#233;clament un moratoire sur ces dispositifs qu&#8217;ils jugent dangereux pour la vie priv&#233;e, une question se pose : quelle est &#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Cette application de v&#233;rification de l'&#226;ge, telle qu'elle a &#233;t&#233; con&#231;ue, n'a aucun sens\&quot;&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-23T13:07:16.125Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/195215783/7dbff183-ec7c-42ed-8882-af540832633b/transcoded-1776949787.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/cette-application-de-verification&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Le Coup de projecteur&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:195215783,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;podcast&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:8,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;5251ec3a-5d19-403b-8281-2f9b3eb02b71&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Le cryptographe Jaap-Henk Hoepman, professeur &#224; l'universit&#233; Radboud aux Pays-Bas, est l'un parmi plusieurs centaines d'experts qui alertent depuis 2022 la Commission europ&#233;enne sur les failles du portefeuille &#233;lectronique europ&#233;en (EUDI Wallet). Son diagnostic est s&#233;v&#232;re : un syst&#232;me techniquement pas conforme au r&#232;glement qu'il est ce&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Podcast ] Portefeuille num&#233;rique europ&#233;en: la normalisation du risque syst&#233;mique&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100},{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-19T15:26:17.476Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/198400607/4d9f4f25-b11e-4425-bc3f-faa516faa776/transcoded-1779212439.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/portefeuille-numerique-europeen-la&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Le Coup de projecteur&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:198400607,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;podcast&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:11,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;bb1792ed-75f2-4eff-b583-6bfcb1af9161&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Nous avons interrog&#233; l&#8217;une des figures les plus influentes de la cryptographie appliqu&#233;e en Europe : Bart Preneel.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;On risque d&#8217;arriver au m&#234;me type de contr&#244;le social qu&#8217;en Chine\&quot;&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-26T06:47:39.178Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EBjj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F17d3a95e-9508-430e-a4f9-a80818f6d60a_2042x1408.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/on-risque-darriver-au-meme-type-de&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:199185643,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:10,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;7f304752-f8cc-462c-8407-9c1c7ea26dd6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;La gestion de la pand&#233;mie de Covid-19 a, en Europe, &#233;t&#233; l&#8217;occasion d&#8217;exp&#233;rimentations &#224; grande &#233;chelle dont on commence &#224; peine &#224; mesurer les d&#233;veloppements.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;De la Silicon Valley &#224; Bruxelles, de la Covid-19 &#224; l'identit&#233; num&#233;rique &quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-03T12:16:07.850Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/de-la-silicon-valley-a-bruxelles&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:200262176,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:6,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Sans confiance - le niveau de confiance dans toutes les institutions, europ&#233;ennes comme nationales, est &#224; son niveau historiquement le plus bas - ce portefeuille ne sera adopt&#233; que par ceux que nous appelons m&#233;chamment les euro-techno-neuneus, soit 10 &#224; 15% de la population. Toute tentative de l&#8217;imposer de fait aura d&#8217;importantes cons&#233;quences sociales et politiques, &#224; commencer par une rupture d&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; en droit.</p><p>La solution choisie par la Commission ne r&#233;pond pas aux exigences du r&#232;glement du Conseil europ&#233;en - oui, vous avez bien lu. En clair, ce que veut mettre en oeuvre la DG Digital EU n&#8217;est pas licite. Il suffira de saisir la CJUE pour faire tout annuler.</p><p>Qu&#8217;en est-il dans les faits? Ca va &#234;tre un peu technique, mais malheureusement on ne peut pas y couper. Dans cette premi&#232;re partie, nous traitons des probl&#233;matiques de s&#233;curit&#233;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Pour soutenir le travail de L&#8217;ECLAIREUR, choisissez votre abonnement, libre ou payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>
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          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Digital ID: It's Not Rocket Science (Part 1)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Attempting to Explain the Technology Behind the Electronic Wallet &#8212; and Why the European Commission's Technical Choices Fall Short.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/digital-id-its-not-rocket-science</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/digital-id-its-not-rocket-science</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 13:28:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Hands interact with a smartphone surrounded by a digital network concept. Yellow padlock and EU stars symbolizing data security and GDPR overlay. Connected terms include \&quot;search,\&quot; \&quot;account,\&quot; \&quot;application,\&quot; and \&quot;monitoring,\&quot; represented by interconnected circles and lines.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Hands interact with a smartphone surrounded by a digital network concept. Yellow padlock and EU stars symbolizing data security and GDPR overlay. Connected terms include &quot;search,&quot; &quot;account,&quot; &quot;application,&quot; and &quot;monitoring,&quot; represented by interconnected circles and lines." title="Hands interact with a smartphone surrounded by a digital network concept. Yellow padlock and EU stars symbolizing data security and GDPR overlay. Connected terms include &quot;search,&quot; &quot;account,&quot; &quot;application,&quot; and &quot;monitoring,&quot; represented by interconnected circles and lines." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eacC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2abf4d31-1628-4212-91f9-699dbc405cfb_1920x1280.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The European digital wallet is shaping up to be deeply problematic. The Commission is pushing it through for political reasons while backing a technical solution that is, in practice, wholly dependent on Google and Apple.</p><p>And this is not a fringe view &#8212; it is the considered assessment of every prominent cryptographer, security specialist, and privacy expert we consulted. The four articles that follow speak for themselves.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;281f1a6a-58ee-4c19-a5ea-3f771b43fa3a&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;As new security flaws are exposed on a daily basis, and as several hundred scientists and cybersecurity experts from around the world signed an open letter in early March demanding a moratorium on these systems &#8212; which they consider a serious threat to privacy &#8212; one question demands an answer: what is the actual purpose of the age-verification application proposed by the European Commission, which is, in plain terms, nothing less than an identity check?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Europe&#8217;s Age-Check App: A Security Trainwreck in Slow Motion&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-23T14:46:43.251Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/195244471/b8e1258f-d041-43c9-b530-21224eb3174a/transcoded-1776955085.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/europes-age-check-app-a-security&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Le Coup de projecteur&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:195244471,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;podcast&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:1,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;bde82934-bab8-4f7a-8652-181d4479ece6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Cryptographer Jaap-Henk Hoepman, a professor at Radboud University in the Netherlands, is one of several hundred experts who have been warning the European Commission since 2022 about the flaws in the European Digital Identity Wallet (EUDI Wallet). His verdict is damning: a system that is technically non-compliant with the very regulati&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Podcast ] European Digital Wallet: The Normalization of Systemic Risk&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100},{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-19T16:39:31.584Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/198430256/fb79b940-e82b-4020-bbe9-ebe423727a72/transcoded-1779212416.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/podcast-european-digital-wallet-the&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Le Coup de projecteur&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:198430256,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;podcast&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:3,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;42844cc2-517c-4735-beb0-41c8b6a46338&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;We sat down with Bart Preneel, one of the most influential figures in applied cryptography in Europe. A professor at KU Leuven (the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium), he leads the COSIC group &#8212; Computer Security and Industrial Cryptography &#8212; one of the world&#8217;s most respected research teams in its field.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;We Risk Ending Up With China-Style Social Control\&quot;&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-26T08:01:01.184Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nZzk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F94ba24c7-fd9a-48b6-8757-e144253526fd_2130x1415.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/we-risk-ending-up-with-china-style&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:199285840,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:5,&quot;comment_count&quot;:3,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;afb56491-17f3-4feb-8672-6007d1068bc6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Europe&#8217;s response to Covid-19 quietly became a laboratory for experiments whose consequences are only now coming into focus.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;From Silicon Valley to Brussels; From Covid-19 to Digital Identity&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-03T14:26:38.736Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/from-silicon-valley-to-brussels-from&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:200448143,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Without trust &#8212; and public trust in European and national institutions is at a historic low &#8212; this wallet will appeal only to what one might unkindly call the euro-techno-sheep: roughly 10 to 15% of the population. Any attempt to impose it by stealth-<em> de facto</em> - would carry serious social and political consequences, not least a fundamental breach of equality before the law.</p><p>What makes this all the more striking is that the solution chosen by the Commission does not actually meet the requirements of the European Council regulation &#8212; go figure! In plain terms, what DG Digital EU intends to implement is unlawful. A referral to the Court of Justice of the European Union would be enough to bring the entire edifice down.</p><p>So what is really going on? What gives? The answer requires a degree of technical detail that cannot be avoided. In this first part, we turn to the security issues.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p>
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          <a href="https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/digital-id-its-not-rocket-science">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence Under Influence]]></title><description><![CDATA[On April 20, Siemens&#8217; CEO warned he would redirect industrial AI investments to the US over EU over-regulation. Six weeks later, on June 3, Brussels named Siemens&#8217; chairman as its AI envoy.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/artificial-intelligence-under-influence</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/artificial-intelligence-under-influence</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Patricia Cerinsek]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 15:01:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg" width="1024" height="576" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:576,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Siemens veut lever les freins &#224; l'IA industrielle en Europe&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Siemens veut lever les freins &#224; l'IA industrielle en Europe" title="Siemens veut lever les freins &#224; l'IA industrielle en Europe" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hvoO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91861a10-691f-4a0b-9fef-6654f2f987d6_1024x576.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Brussels has appointed its first &#8220;Special Envoy for Industrial Artificial Intelligence&#8221;: Danish executive Jim Hagemann Snabe.</p><p>To understand where AI development is heading within the European Commission &#8212; not across the continent broadly, but inside the institution itself &#8212; it helps to look closely at the man they chose. His profile carries the unmistakable scent of the Jutland coast and slightly off herring. This is the old world, refusing to die.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">This Substack is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ Repub ] China Has Just Annihilated America's Predatory Techno-Capitalism]]></title><description><![CDATA[By open-sourcing its engine, the Chinese startup DeepSeek has done to AI exactly what Linux once did to proprietary server operating systems.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/repub-china-has-just-annihilated</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/repub-china-has-just-annihilated</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 05:57:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg" width="1206" height="1345" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1345,&quot;width&quot;:1206,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>While the West obsesses over AI stock valuations&#8212;profitability can wait&#8212;China has chosen a far wiser and more disciplined path. Instead of crippling its own industry with unsustainable electricity prices driven by the voracious appetite of data centers, along with every other negative externality (soaring costs of critical raw materials like copper and beyond), Beijing has focused on developing open-source AI models that require far fewer resources and are dramatically cheaper to run.</em></p><p><em>Now for a darker theory. Who remembers Ronald Reagan&#8217;s &#8220;Strategic Defense Initiative&#8221; in the 1980s, better known as Star Wars? It was a masterful psychological operation that lured the Soviet Union into pouring colossal resources into an arms race it could not afford&#8212;resources desperately needed elsewhere. Within less than a decade, that misallocation helped accelerate the USSR&#8217;s economic and then political collapse.</em></p><p><em>Is China now running the same playbook against the West with AI? By goading the West into flushing trillions into glittering infrastructure that delivers no returns and no productivity gains, while those monstrous data centers cannibalize the real economy, China is quietly locking in its industrial supremacy. </em></p><p><em>Read our lips, mark our words and make no mistake: the concommittant IPOs of Open AI, Anthropic and StarX merged with xAi are motivated by the fact that the credit crunch&#8217;s here, and that acquiring more capital for structurally loss-making businesses means going public. A nice way, too, to pass on capital losses to retail investors.</em></p><p><em>Constrat that with the European Commission&#8217;s pronouncements on its digital &#8220;sovereignty&#8221; plan and its <a href="https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/artificial-intelligence-under-influence">appointment of a Davos fixture and Siemens chairman, Jim Hagemann Snabe</a> &#8212; cozy with Google for years &#8212; and the picture becomes clear: not only are we nowhere near out of the woods, the EU will do everything in its power to keep us there.</em></p><p><em>AI as it is being sold to us is one <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKV2hjQWZ8k&amp;list=RDWKV2hjQWZ8k&amp;start_radio=1">gigantic </a>con. See our series on the subject for the evidence.</em></p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;aafe790e-8e0b-46db-81aa-522a4e607151&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Translation to English of our piece &#8220;Intelligente Anarque&#8221; published on 31, January 2026.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI: An Intelligent Con &quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-11T20:50:02.045Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae1d11ff-910c-473f-b1b7-b16d867379a9_612x439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-con&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:192874206,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;da64ec7c-679e-4abd-b188-8e783c46aa43&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This is the return of the Solow Paradox &#8212; named after Robert Solow, Nobel laureate in economics, who noted in the second half of the 1980s that computing was visible everywhere except in the productivity statistics. In fact, productivity growth collapsed in developed economies precisely as computing became widespread. From 2.9% between 1948 and 1973, it fell to 1.1% between 1973 and 1998.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI: An Intelligent Con (Part 2)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-20T15:37:28.545Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aqjE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf6fe1d2-b738-4af7-9f1f-93a6cf6c962a_784x799.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-con-part-2&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:194734947,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;adc44d5e-738a-401c-9e19-3e110a6f4a56&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Well, hello again &#8212; the Cassandras are back.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI: An Intelligent Con (part 3)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-04T12:01:14.998Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xEOu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc91cda8c-4f7b-49cf-b41a-3ef3b1f2d14b_1168x784.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-scam-part-3&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:196208081,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;cf9d0ed1-a11a-49c3-a744-1acc1c9d2916&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;In the first three installments of this series, we demonstrated &#8212; evidence in hand &#8212; that AI will generate no productivity gains and will prove economically unviable for the overwhelming majority of tasks.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI, An Intelligent Con (Part 4): It's Quantum, Stupid! &quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-29T23:35:29.562Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZce!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ebc23a1-d096-402f-ba43-129949c4aece_533x400.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-an-intelligent-con-part-4-its&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:199806602,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p><em>We are republishing our article from January 26, 2025, in which we argued that China had just sunk American techno-capitalism. Time to take a small bow, since no one else will give us credit: we were right.</em></p><p><em>Proof: even Nvidia &#8212; the company supplying most of the &#8220;gold rush shovels,&#8221; meaning the GPUs that power AI systems &#8212; has just released its latest Nemotron 3 Ultra model as open-source.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png" width="602" height="239" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:239,&quot;width&quot;:602,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:27287,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/200648096?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>O<em>pen-source AI models are now abundant and perform close to on par with ChatGPT, Claude, MistralAI and their ilk. Enough to perform calculations that matters for business, mainly optimization. </em></p><p><em>You can simply pick one (or several) up, audit it, test it, and build proprietary  applications on top of it at minimal cost. Why pay a premium to rent proprietary models &#8212; the same ones your competitors are using &#8212; that bleed your accounts dry without delivering any tangible return (as Uber recently discovered the hard way)? No wonder Dario Amodei, Anthropic&#8217;s CEO, is now calling for AI development to slow down or pause: Anthropic can&#8217;t keep up. No one can.</em></p><p><em>As for Mythos &#8212; for those who haven&#8217;t caught on &#8212; it&#8217;s a myth, a psychological operation designed to maintain the illusion that the US dominates the AI sector and for Anthropic a way to get back into the Pentagon game.  Star Wars again. The real kicker: The U.S don&#8217;t have AI domination. No one does. The old world, in America as in Europe, refuses to die. Let&#8217;s help it along.</em></p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;f6ea91e3-cea3-4fce-b1ac-b143e650ff13&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Where, exactly, are the human rights defenders? Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the rest of the alphabet soup of NGOs &#8212; are they too busy filing discrimination complaints in European courts, or angling for their next tranche of public subsidies as &#8220;trusted flaggers&#8221; under the EU&#8217;s Digital Services Act? Because something far more consequen&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI War Crimes: The Law Already Has the Tools to Stop Them. So Why Is No One Using Them?&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-03-16T09:37:39.506Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sJ0S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe6618597-e23f-4b27-8bf6-6fdcfbdb8ba4_2040x1360.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ai-war-crimes-the-law-already-has&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur In English&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:191019216,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:3,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>Originally published January 26, 2025</strong></p><p>While OpenAI &#8212; the organization behind ChatGPT &#8212; is in the process of converting from a non-profit foundation to a for-profit corporation (note the audacity: a $6.6 billion donor-funded war chest quietly absorbed into a commercial entity) and is busy locking features behind proprietary walls, Chinese startup DeepSeek has just released the entire source code of its AI engine. It outperforms ChatGPT and costs 96% less to run &#8212; meaning it demands far less computing power, less electricity, less capital expenditure. Published under the MIT License, right as the Davos crowd assembled. The timing was not accidental.</p><p>To grasp the full weight of this development &#8212; a genuinely Copernican shift &#8212; you need to understand what open source actually is, and what an AI engine actually does.</p><p>Open source means making a software&#8217;s source code publicly available. Anyone can use it, and those with the skills can inspect it line by line, modify it, and improve it, provided they distribute their modifications under the same terms. This transparency is a security asset: bugs, vulnerabilities, and backdoors are caught and patched quickly. Open source is a bet on collective intelligence &#8212; consistently more effective than managerial hierarchy and its voracious, self-serving elitism.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>The most famous open-source project is Linux, a kernel &#8212; the core software managing a computer&#8217;s hardware resources. Developed by Linus Torvalds, it spawned an ecosystem of distributions (Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, and most notably Android, installed on 82% of smartphones worldwide) that are available at no cost. Where paid versions exist, you&#8217;re not buying a software license &#8212; you&#8217;re paying for maintenance services or supporting the development team.</p><p>Remember Windows NT and Lotus Domino Server? Those bloated, overpriced disasters that dominated server rooms in the 1990s and early 2000s? Linux killed them. Today, Linux commands over 80% market share in servers. The entire cloud runs on it.</p><p>That&#8217;s precisely why Microsoft, IBM and others pivoted to cloud infrastructure services. When Linux wiped out the server OS licensing market, the only money left to be made was in hosting, storage, and managed services.</p><p>An AI engine is not so different from an OS kernel. By open-sourcing DeepSeek, China has made it nearly impossible to monetize proprietary AI engine licenses &#8212; starting with ChatGPT. That is also why Elon Musk quietly made Grok free on X &#8212; it was behind a paywall just a month prior &#8212; to accelerate its training. As for Google&#8217;s Gemini, it is so riddled with bias and dysfunction that the Palo Alto giant appears to be in irreversible trouble.</p><p>This means one thing and one thing only: American predatory techno-capitalism in AI is already dead. The tech giants are finished. Donald Trump can spend $500 billion if he likes &#8212; it will change nothing, except to throw $500 billion out the window. Open-source engines are transparent, more secure, vastly cheaper, faster to develop, and offer a wider range of distributions and features. There is simply no rational case for the alternative.</p><p>There is another massive problem for the transatlantic techno-predators: the US has also fallen behind on hardware. The latest-generation chips required to run large-scale AI are now led by Taiwan and China. Nvidia, the only American semiconductor player in this space, will not hold. All the more so because DeepSeek runs on off-the-shelf chips &#8212; the kind you find in gaming graphics cards.</p><p>Europe? Hardly worth the question. The servile, compromised bureaucrats who run it would rather, in a bid to cling to relevance, impose Kafkaesque content regulations &#8212; as ineffectual as they are stifling &#8212; than address what actually matters: full digital sovereignty for every European citizen and every European nation over their data and infrastructure.</p><p>France alone holds thirty years of unified health data on its entire population, courtesy of the Carte Vitale system. Priceless. Without data, AI is worthless. So let&#8217;s continue allowing Americans to plunder it, with the full complicity of our leaders.</p><p>By open-sourcing DeepSeek, China has done humanity an enormous favor. Not our words &#8212; those of Marc Andreessen, towering figure of Silicon Valley and creator of Netscape, one of the first web browsers.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png" width="608" height="344" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:344,&quot;width&quot;:608,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:35956,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>China&#8217;s AI lead did not materialize overnight. It was built through early, deliberate regulation of algorithms &#8212; imposing rights for users and duties for developers. Which throws a wrench into the worldview of Western &#8220;liberals&#8221; who recoil at any mention of regulation, confusing it reflexively with restriction.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;a2a6c8f7-e0b5-474a-b085-083ad06dbe7a&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;To keep stirring the pot, we&#8217;re republishing our March 31, 2022 piece&#8212;where we explained why the so-called &#8220;Chinese social credit system&#8221; is mostly smoke and mirrors. There is no such thing in China as the Orwellian social credit system Western media keep describing.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;[ Repub ] Progressivism, Big Tech, and Social Credit: Welcome to Feudal Society 2.0&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news 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x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ Republication ] La Chine vient d'annihiler le techno-capitalisme prédateur américain]]></title><description><![CDATA[Avec la mise en open source de son moteur d'IA, DeepSeek, la start-up chinoise, vient de faire aux Am&#233;ricains ce que Linux leur avait fait pour les syst&#232;mes d'exploitation serveurs.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/republication-la-chine-vient-dannihiler</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/republication-la-chine-vient-dannihiler</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 05:08:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e31f7bd-8d88-43d3-a947-2b9fd3a19ccd_1007x715.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_8IU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc628ba32-b0ec-4ad3-9541-42667ab9e473_1206x1345.jpeg 848w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Bloomberg rapporte que les entreprises occidentales se tournent vers les mod&#232;le d&#8217;IA open source chinois aussi efficace mais bien moins cher &#224; op&#233;rer, au point que DeepSeek est aujourd&#8217;hui le leader du march&#233;.</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Alors qu&#8217;en Occident on ne parle que de valorisation boursi&#232;re de l&#8217;IA - la rentabilit&#233; attendra - la Chine a adopt&#233; une approche diff&#233;rente et bien plus sage. Plut&#244;t que de plomber son industrie avec des prix de l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; insoutenables caus&#233;s par l&#8217;&#233;norme surcro&#238;t de demande caus&#233; par les centres de donn&#233;es (et toutes les autres externalit&#233;s n&#233;gatives, comme par exemple l&#8217;explosion du prix des mati&#232;res premi&#232;res critiques, cuivre etc.), elle s&#8217;est attach&#233;e &#224; cr&#233;er des mod&#232;les d&#8217;IA open source qui n&#233;cessitent bien moins de ressources, donc bien moins chers &#224; utiliser. </em></p><p><em>D&#233;voilons une th&#233;orie inqui&#233;tante. Qui se souvient de la &#8220;Strategic Defense Initiative&#8221; de l&#8217;administration Reagan dans les ann&#233;es 1980, &#233;galement connue sous le nom de guerre des &#233;toiles? Une pure op&#233;ration psychologique qui a forc&#233; l&#8217;URSS &#224; utiliser d&#8217;immenses moyens dans son industrie de d&#233;fense, moyens qui faisaient cruellement d&#233;faut ailleurs - ce qui en 10 ans a pr&#233;cipit&#233; son effondrement &#233;conomique puis politique.  </em></p><p><em>La Chine  serait-elle  en train de faire &#224; l&#8217;Occident la m&#234;me chose avec l&#8217;IA? Car ces milliers de milliards d&#233;vers&#233;s sans aucun retour ni gain de productivit&#233; dans des infrastructures qui phagocytent l&#8217;&#233;conomie r&#233;elle lui permettent d&#8217;asseoir sa supr&#233;matie industrielle.</em></p><p><em>Ne vous y trompez pas: les tentatives d&#8217;introduction en bourse d&#8217;Open AI, d&#8217;Anthropic et de StarX - xAI fusionn&#233;es montrent que la contraction du cr&#233;dit est d&#233;j&#224; l&#224;, puisque le seul moyen d&#8217;acqu&#233;rir le capital n&#233;cessaire &#224; la survie d&#8217;entreprises structurellement d&#233;ficitaires est de faire appel aux march&#233;s. Cerise sur le g&#226;teau, cela permet &#233;galement de refiler aux petits investisseurs une partie des pertes.</em></p><p><em>Comparez cela avec les d&#233;clarations de la Commission europ&#233;enne sur son plan de &#8220;souverainet&#233;&#8221; num&#233;rique et la nomination d&#8217;un ponte de Davos et pr&#233;sident de Siemens, Jim Hagemann Snabe, acoquin&#233; avec Google depuis des ann&#233;es, et vous comprendrez que non seulement on n&#8217;est pas sortis des ronces mais l&#8217;UE fera tout pour nous y laisser. </em></p><p><em>L&#8217;IA telle qu&#8217;on nous la vend est une immense arnaque. Voir notre s&#233;rie sur le sujet qui le d&#233;montre preuves &#224; l&#8217;appui.</em></p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;90ac4aa2-4c7c-48d2-9a5e-beec1eb7b6fa&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Bon. Tr&#232;s bien, cher Elon Musk. Pourriez-vous nous dire combien cette augmentation de performance de Grok Imagine g&#233;n&#232;re de surco&#251;ts par rapport &#224; la version pr&#233;c&#233;dente, pour une application qui n&#8217;a somme toute pas plus grande utilit&#233; que le lance-flamme que vous avez commercialis&#233; en 2018&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;IA, intelligente arnaque&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-01-31T14:12:45.572Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/99a1c5ad-4342-49d4-b268-ec5e74040b7a_1200x899.avif&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:185363526,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:14,&quot;comment_count&quot;:1,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;638b8f70-41b5-427f-9972-73c3274ef98a&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;C&#8217;est le retour du paradoxe de Solow, du nom de Robert Solow, prix Nobel d&#8217;&#233;conomie, qui a fait le constat dans la seconde moiti&#233; des ann&#233;es 1980 que l&#8217;on voyait l&#8217;informatique partout sauf dans les chiffres de la productivit&#233;. Le gain de productivit&#233; a en fait chut&#233; dans les &#233;conomies d&#233;velopp&#233;es concomitamment &#224; la g&#233;n&#233;ralisatio&#8230;&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;IA: Intelligente arnaque (2&#232;me partie)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-04-20T15:41:52.910Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c3b51083-23fc-41a0-b128-d3702a1ac09f_750x301.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque-2eme-partie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:192820924,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:13,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;b90993d2-4f60-4e85-beb9-ec2e56909956&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Salut! C&#8217;est encore nous, les Cassandre!&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;IA: Intelligente Arnaque (3e partie)&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-04T15:13:16.054Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!axPK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c57439c-ba86-4ebc-99eb-b500888862e2_1168x784.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque-3e-partie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:196187933,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:5,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;8293d9e2-7a44-499f-a42b-342a40a1c9e8&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Dans les trois premiers volets de cette s&#233;rie, nous avons d&#233;montr&#233; preuves &#224; l&#8217;appui que l&#8217;IA ne g&#233;n&#232;rera pas de gains de productivit&#233; et ne sera pas &#233;conomiquement viable pour accomplir l&#8217;&#233;crasante majorit&#233; des t&#226;ches. Ne cherchez pas, c&#8217;est quantique.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;IA, Intelligente Arnaque (4e partie): c'est quantique&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Analyst at L'Eclaireur, a French independent news outlet.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/77e41319-017e-4d73-835f-a879943860fe_359x359.png&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-29T20:15:01.197Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQ3N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f6f7a58-14ab-47c2-9cf1-41c39647c4e7_1200x765.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/ia-intelligente-arnaque-4e-partie&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:198940693,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:10,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p><em>Nous republions notre article du 26 janvier 2025 dans lequel nous affirmions que la Chine venait de couler le techno-capitalisme am&#233;ricain. Histoire de nous jeter des fleurs car personne ne le fera &#224; notre place: nous avons eu raison.</em></p><p><em>La preuve, m&#234;me Nvidia, l&#8217;entreprise qui fournit la plupart des &#8220;pelles de la ru&#233;e vers l&#8217;or&#8221; - comprendre les GPU, les puces qui font tourner les IA - vient de mette <a href="https://research.nvidia.com/labs/nemotron/Nemotron-3/">son dernier mod&#232;le Nemontron 3 Ultra </a>en acc&#232;s libre, open source.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png" width="602" height="239" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:239,&quot;width&quot;:602,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:27287,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/200648096?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kGLS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb52ad521-15d5-4455-a129-d5607a315757_602x239.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Les mod&#232;les d&#8217;IA open source sont aujourd&#8217;hui pl&#233;thore et aussi performants que ChatGPT, Claude, MistralAI et consorts. Il suffit de se baisser, de ramasser, de tester et de construire sur ceux que l&#8217;on a choisi des applications m&#233;tiers propri&#233;taires &#224; moindre co&#251;t. Pourquoi s&#8217;emb&#234;ter &#224; louer &#224; prix d&#8217;or des mod&#232;les propri&#233;taires, les m&#234;mes que ses concurrents, qui plombent les comptes sans g&#233;n&#233;rer de retour tangible (<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2026/05/17/uber-burns-its-2026-ai-budget-in-four-months-on-claude-code/">comme Uber vient d&#8217;en faire l&#8217;am&#232;re exp&#233;rience</a>) ?</em> <em>Pas &#233;tonnant que Dario Amodei, le patron d&#8217;Anthropic demande &#224; ce qu&#8217;<a href="https://www.leparisien.fr/high-tech/il-serait-bon-de-ralentir-ou-suspendre-le-developpement-de-lia-anthropic-un-des-fleurons-du-secteur-plaide-pour-une-pause-05-06-2026-ICQFN56VLBECNFXCK7X2AQBSEU.php?at_variant=link&amp;at_creation=Le%20Parisien&amp;at_campaign=Partage%20Twitter%20CM&amp;at_medium=Social%20media">on ralentisse ou suspende le d&#233;veloppement de l&#8217;IA:</a> il n&#8217;arrive pas &#224; suivre. </em></p><p><em>Mythos, pour ceux qui ne l&#8217;auraient pas compris, est un mythe, c&#8217;est une op&#233;ration psychologique qui vise &#224; faire croire que les USA dominent le secteur de l&#8217;IA alors que ce n&#8217;est pas le cas. L&#8217;ancien monde, tant aux USA qu&#8217;en Europe, refuse de mourir. Aidons-le. </em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Article publi&#233; initialement le 26 janvier 2025</strong></p><p>Alors qu&#8217;Open AI, &#224; qui l&#8217;on doit<a href="https://chatgpt.com"> ChatGPT</a>, est en train de passer d&#8217;un statut de fondation &#224; but non-lucratif vers celui de soci&#233;t&#233; commerciale donc &#224; but lucratif (admirez la mani&#232;re de s&#8217;accaparer des dons se chiffrant &#224; 6,6 milliards de dollars) et s&#8217;attache &#224; verrouiller certaines fonctionnalit&#233;s en les rendant propri&#233;taires, la start-up chinoise <a href="https://www.usine-digitale.fr/article/deepseek-cette-start-up-chinoise-qui-fait-mieux-qu-openai-pour-96-moins-cher.N2226172">DeepSeek vient de publier l&#8217;int&#233;gralit&#233; du code source de son moteur d&#8217;intelligence artificielle, meilleur et 96% moins cher &#224; faire tourner (comprendre moins gourmand en capacit&#233; de calcul donc en &#233;lectricit&#233; et en investissement mat&#233;riel) que Chat GPT</a>. Open source sous <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_MIT">licence MIT</a>, pour bien marquer le bras d&#8217;honneur fait &#224; l&#8217;Oncle Sam et au reste de l&#8217;Occident en direct live &#224; Davos cette semaine.</p><p>Pour saisir les tenants et les aboutissants de ce fait majeur, voire copernicien, il faut d&#8217;abord comprendre ce qu&#8217;est l&#8217;open source<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> et ce qu&#8217;est un moteur d&#8217;IA.</p><p>L&#8217;open source consiste &#224; rendre disponible publiquement le code source<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> d&#8217;un logiciel. Ce code source est alors utilisable &#8220;gratuitement&#8221; puisque tout le monde y a acc&#232;s. Ceux qui souhaitent le modifier et l&#8217;am&#233;liorer le peuvent &#224; leur guise dans les limites et les conditions stipul&#233;es par la licence open source, charge &#224; eux de mettre &#233;galement &#224; disposition librement leurs modifications, c&#8217;est &#224; dire les distribuer. </p><p>Le code &#233;tant public, tous ceux qui ont les comp&#233;tences pour peuvent l&#8217;inspecter ligne par ligne et savoir ce qu&#8217;il fait. Les risques de s&#233;curit&#233; tels que les gros bugs, les failles, les portes de derri&#232;re etc. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQBLPYToLME">sont ainsi tr&#232;s rapidement d&#233;tect&#233;s et corrig&#233;s. </a> L&#8217;open source, c&#8217;est faire confiance &#224; l&#8217;intelligence collective, plus efficace que la hi&#233;rarchie manag&#233;riale et l&#8217;&#233;litisme vorace et violent.</p><h5>Cet article est d&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t public. Nous le laissons en acc&#232;s libre. L&#8217;Eclaireur a fait le choix de ne recourir &#224; aucune subvention, publique comme priv&#233;e, ni &#224; la publicit&#233; pas plus qu'au financement participatif. Notre existence et notre ind&#233;pendance ne r&#233;sultent que de vos abonnements.</h5><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L'Eclaireur est une lettre par abonnement. Pour soutenir notre travail, choisissez le v&#244;tre, libre ou payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Le logiciel open source le plus connu est Linux, qui est un c&#339;ur de syst&#232;me d&#8217;exploitation (OS), un logiciel fondamental qui g&#232;re les ressources mat&#233;rielles d'un ordinateur et fournit des services communs pour les applications logicielles. Il a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;velopp&#233; par <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds">Linus Thorvalds</a> qui s&#8217;est inspir&#233; d&#8217;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix">UNIX</a>, un syst&#232;me d'exploitation multit&#226;che et multi-utilisateur utilis&#233; principalement dans les environnements serveurs.</p><p>Sur ce c&#339;ur, une multitude de d&#233;veloppeurs sont venus greffer des composants tels que des interfaces graphiques, des gestionnaires de p&#233;riph&#233;riques (pour les cartes r&#233;seau, les cartes graphiques) etc. Les distributions de Linux, c&#8217;est &#224; dire un syst&#232;me d&#8217;exploitation complet et fonctionnel comprenant le c&#339;ur et ses composants, sont nombreuses (<a href="https://www.ubuntu-fr.org">Ubuntu</a>, <a href="https://www.debian.org/index.fr.html">Debian</a>, <a href="https://fedoraproject.org/fr/">Fedora</a>, <a href="https://linuxmint.com">Lunux Mint</a>, la plus fameuse &#233;tant&#8230; Andro&#239;d, install&#233; sur 82% des smartphones) et disponibles gratuitement. Si des versions payantes existent, alors on ne vous facture pas la licence du logiciel libre mais des services de maintenance du logiciel, destin&#233;s aux utilisations critiques (applications professionnelles, serveurs d&#8217;entreprises et d&#8217;administrations essentiellement). Ou bien il s&#8217;agit de dons pour soutenir le travail de l&#8217;&#233;quipe de d&#233;veloppement, souvent b&#233;n&#233;vole. </p><p>Les d&#233;veloppeurs d&#8217;applications eux n&#8217;ont pas non plus &#224; payer le propri&#233;taire du code source pour avoir le droit de d&#233;velopper et de distribuer leurs applications comme c&#8217;est le cas sur Microsoft Windows, MacOS, IOS et Andro&#239;d dans ses versions Google, qui y a rajout&#233; de nombreuses briques propri&#233;taires.</p><p>Si une entreprise comme Microsoft a engrang&#233; d&#8217;&#233;normes profits croissants et continue toujours le faire, c&#8217;est parce que son syst&#232;me d&#8217;exploitation originel, MS-DOS, et aujourd&#8217;hui Windows, est propri&#233;taire, ce qui oblige tous les constructeurs de PC (donc les utilisateurs) &#224; lui acheter des licences (c&#8217;est &#224; dire le droit r&#233;vocable d&#8217;utiliser le logiciel et non pas la propri&#233;t&#233; du logiciel). Tous les d&#233;veloppeurs doivent acheter ou louer un kit d&#8217;outils de d&#233;veloppement (les fameux SDK) et/ou payer pour la distribution de leurs applications. Situation de monopole donc de rente. C&#8217;est comme cela que certaines grandes entreprises technologiques am&#233;ricaines ont pu - et peuvent encore avec les smartphones - racketter la terre enti&#232;re depuis des d&#233;cennies. </p><p>Vous souvenez-vous de syst&#232;mes d&#8217;exploitation de serveurs tel que Windows NT et Domino Server de Lotus (IBM), d&#8217;inf&#226;mes bouses qu&#8217;on vous vendait cher dans les ann&#233;es 1990-2000? Ils ont &#233;t&#233; remplac&#233;s par Linux. Linux &#233;tant libre et plus performant, il d&#233;tient une part de march&#233; de plus de 80%. La quasi totalit&#233; des serveurs du cloud tournent sur Linux.</p><p>C&#8217;est la raison pour laquelle Microsoft, IBM et les autres se sont mis &#224; investir dans des infrastructures de cloud. Parce que c&#8217;est en fournissant des services d&#8217;infrastructures, de stockage et d&#8217;h&#233;bergement qu&#8217;on peut encore gagner de l&#8217;argent, puisque Linux a r&#233;duit &#224; n&#233;ant le march&#233; des licences payantes pour les OS serveurs.</p><p>Un moteur d&#8217;intelligence artificielle n&#8217;est pas si diff&#233;rent du c&#339;ur d&#8217;un syst&#232;me d&#8217;exploitation. En rendant public son code source, DeepSeek vient de rendre quasi-impossible la mon&#233;tisation de licences des moteurs d&#8217;intelligence artificielle propri&#233;taire, &#224; commencer par ChatGPT. C&#8217;est &#233;galement pour cette raison qu&#8217;Elon Musk, qui s&#8217;est bien gard&#233; de le dire, a mis Grok en utilisation gratuite sur X, alors qu&#8217;il y a encore un mois, c&#8217;&#233;tait payant (il fallait &#234;tre abonn&#233; payant &#224; X pour pouvoir l&#8217;utiliser), afin d&#8217;acc&#233;l&#233;rer son entra&#238;nement. Quant au moteur Gemini de Google, il est tellement plein de biais et dysfonctionnel que le g&#233;ant de Palo Alto est dans les choux de mani&#232;re irr&#233;m&#233;diable semble t-il.</p><p>Cela signifie une et une seule chose : le techno-capitalisme pr&#233;dateur am&#233;ricain en mati&#232;re d&#8217;IA est d&#233;j&#224; mort et enterr&#233;. Les Gafam sont plomb&#233;es. Donald Trump pourra bien d&#233;penser 500 milliards de dollars, cela ne changera rien &#224; l&#8217;affaire - si ce n&#8217;est jeter 500 milliards de dollars par la fen&#234;tre. On aura toujours plus int&#233;r&#234;t &#224; utiliser un moteur open source dont le fonctionnement est transparent, plus s&#251;r, bien moins co&#251;teux et le d&#233;veloppement plus rapide avec un choix plus large de &#8220;distributions&#8221; et de fonctionnalit&#233;s.</p><p>Autre &#233;norme probl&#232;me pour les techno-pr&#233;dateurs d&#8217;outre-Atlantique, les USA sont &#233;galement d&#233;pass&#233;s quant au hardware, aux puces de derni&#232;res g&#233;n&#233;rations n&#233;cessaires pour faire fonctionner les moteurs d&#8217;IA &#224; grande &#233;chelle. Par Ta&#239;wan et par la Chine. Nvidia, le seul fabriquant de semi-conducteurs &#233;tats-unien pr&#233;sent sur ce secteur ne fera pas le poids. D&#8217;autant que DeepSeek tourne sur des puces du commerce, celles qu&#8217;on trouve dans les cartes graphiques pour gamers.</p><p>D&#8217;Europe, est-bien la peine de parler? Les ronds de cuir serviles et corrompus qui la dirigent pr&#233;f&#232;rent, afin de s&#8217;accrocher &#224; leur pouvoir, r&#233;glementer (censurer) les contenus de mani&#232;re aussi kafka&#239;enne et qu&#8217;inefficace plut&#244;t que de s&#8217;attacher &#224; ce qui importe : la souverainet&#233; totale de chaque Europ&#233;en sur ses donn&#233;es et celle de chaque pays europ&#233;en sur ses infrastructures&#8230;</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;a780322e-fa11-4ba2-8603-38ff751c8c44&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;En obtenant l'autorisation de la Commission nationale informatique et libert&#233; (Cnil) d'h&#233;berger une partie des donn&#233;es de sant&#233; des Fran&#231;ais, Microsoft a mis un pied dans la porte. Cela ne g&#234;ne pas le Conseil d'Etat aux entournures. Plus exactement &#224; ce stade (il ne s&#8217;est pas prononc&#233;s au fond), la plus haute juridiction administrative du pays ne voit pas o&#249; est l'urgence.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Microsoft et les donn&#233;es de sant&#233; : le loup dans la bergerie?&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29ac0346-681b-42a9-9fb8-df1cd24884fd_1099x962.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-04-03T04:34:27.945Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6c519e7-0d19-4ef0-acc6-c20c17b7d29f_640x426.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://eclaireur.substack.com/p/microsoft-et-les-donnees-de-sante&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:143036642,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:4,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;publication_id&quot;:null,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur - La Lettre des Alpes&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>La France est le seul pays au monde qui dispose gr&#226;ce &#224; la carte vitale de trente ans de donn&#233;es de sant&#233; unifi&#233;es sur l&#8217;ensemble de sa population. D&#8217;une valeur inestimable. Sans donn&#233;es, les IA ne servent &#224; rien. Laissons donc les Am&#233;ricains nous piller avec la complicit&#233; de nos dirigeants.  </p><p>Certains parlementaires font pourtant leur travail et se d&#233;m&#232;nent. Pour le moment en vain. Valable pour le num&#233;rique, pour l&#8217;&#233;nergie, pour l&#8217;agriculture, pour l&#8217;industrie&#8230;</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;ddbcc8da-805a-4c9b-9214-ff8481b8e075&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;L&#8217;Europe et la France ont-elles perdu la bataille du num&#233;rique ? Donn&#233;es de sant&#233; &#8211; le Health Data Hub &#8211; h&#233;berg&#233;es chez Microsoft, exp&#233;rimentation de l&#8217;euro num&#233;rique confi&#233;e notamment &#224; Amazon&#8230; avons-nous encore la main sur nos donn&#233;es ?&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;sm&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;Depuis une vingtaine d'ann&#233;es, on a perdu cette id&#233;e de l'information strat&#233;gique\&quot;&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29ac0346-681b-42a9-9fb8-df1cd24884fd_1099x962.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2024-04-30T09:52:53.199Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/144127927/cd3a4975-5a2e-4ecd-8c42-8cc679e9dfed/transcoded-1714414089.png&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://eclaireur.substack.com/p/depuis-une-vingtaine-dannees-on-a&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;Le Coup de projecteur&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:144127927,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;podcast&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:2,&quot;comment_count&quot;:1,&quot;publication_id&quot;:null,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur - La Lettre des Alpes&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>En mettant en open source DeepSeek, la Chine vient de rendre un &#233;norme service &#224; l&#8217;humanit&#233;. Pas nous qui le disons mais Marc Andreesen, figure majeure de la Silicon Valley et cr&#233;ateur de Netscape, l&#8217;un des premiers navigateurs internet.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png" width="608" height="344" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:344,&quot;width&quot;:608,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:35956,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AHXP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F159c83cf-0e3b-415f-a714-2c70311f2121_608x344.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>L&#8217;avance chinoise en mati&#232;re d&#8217;IA n&#8217;est pas nouvelle. La Chine l&#8217;a pr&#233;par&#233;e en r&#233;gulant tr&#232;s t&#244;t les algorithmes, c&#8217;est &#224; dire en imposant des droits pour les utilisateurs et des devoirs pour les concepteur d&#8217;algorithmes, aussi curieux que cela puisse para&#238;tre. Ce qui jette une montagne dans la mare des &#8220;lib&#233;raux&#8221; occidentaux qui hurlent d&#232;s qu&#8217;on parle de r&#233;gulation parce qu&#8217;ils n&#8217;entendent que r&#233;glementation.</p><p>Nous vous le relations d&#233;j&#224; dans un article dat&#233; du 31 mars 2022.</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;160b8331-090a-4350-b0b8-0ccaf938f8bb&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur Rh&#244;ne-Alpes est une lettre confidentielle par abonnement. Pour soutenir notre travail, choisissez le v&#244;tre, libre ou payant&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:null,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;lg&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Progressisme, GAFAM, cr&#233;dit social : vers la soci&#233;t&#233; f&#233;odale 2.0&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26117268,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Pascal Cl&#233;rotte&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Enqu&#234;teur-scribouillard-analyste\npclerotte@protonmail.com&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/27d9123a-c2d9-4768-9075-72982ac3d54e_400x400.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2022-03-31T15:58:42.459Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F197cc51c-1ec5-442d-9b4d-2761acfd3167_1000x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://eclaireur.substack.com/p/progressisme-gafam-credit-social&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:51289523,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:3,&quot;comment_count&quot;:3,&quot;publication_id&quot;:null,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'Eclaireur - La Lettre des Alpes&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Extrait.</p><p><em>La Chine a adopt&#233; une triple approche de r&#233;gulation (gouvernance ne veut rien dire en fran&#231;ais) de l&#8217;intelligence artificielle.</em></p><ol><li><p><em><strong>Un ensemble de 30 r&#232;gles</strong> qui s&#8217;appliqueront &#224; l&#8217;ensemble des algorithmes utilis&#233;s sur internet. Un exemple de r&#232;gle est <strong>la capacit&#233; de l&#8217;algorithme &#224; donner une explication et &#224; corriger toute atteinte aux droits et int&#233;r&#234;ts des utilisateurs.</strong> Cette r&#232;gle est particuli&#232;rement int&#233;ressante car si les plateformes - YouTube, Facebook, Twitter etc. - ne donnent aucune explication quant, par exemple, &#224; une d&#233;cision de suspension de compte, c&#8217;est souvent plus parce qu&#8217;elles ne savent pas ce qui a motiv&#233; l&#8217;action que parce qu&#8217;elles refusent de s&#8217;expliquer. En clair, personne ne poss&#232;de une vision claire de ce que l&#8217;algorithme fait.</em></p></li><li><p><em><strong>Des</strong> <strong>outils et des syst&#232;mes permettant de tester et de certifier les algorithmes de confiance</strong> sur des crit&#232;res tels que la robustesse, les biais et leur capacit&#233; &#224; expliciter</em></p></li><li><p><em><strong>Un ensemble de r&#232;gles &#233;thiques</strong> s&#8217;appliquant au d&#233;veloppement d&#8217;intelligences artificielles assorti de l&#8217;existence obligatoire de comit&#233;s d&#8217;&#233;thiques au sein de tout organisme y travaillant, charg&#233;s de mettre en &#339;uvre ces r&#232;gles et et de contr&#244;ler leur application.</em></p></li></ol><p><em>Oui. Vous avez bien lu. La Chine, ce pays totalitaire, cette dictature communiste veut que toute d&#233;cision prise par un algorithme ou une intelligence artificielle puisse s&#8217;expliquer et &#234;tre corrig&#233;e par &#224; chaque fois qu&#8217;il est port&#233; atteinte aux droits et int&#233;r&#234;ts d&#8217;un utilisateur.</em></p><p>Mise &#224; jour le 27/01/2025 &#224; 15h59. Aux USA, on commence &#224; comprendre.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png" width="614" height="853" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:853,&quot;width&quot;:614,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:497110,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6YJ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe23b8f2a-d7b4-4e74-b416-1ed63fe2ac60_614x853.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><strong>Open source</strong> (ou "code source ouvert" en fran&#231;ais) d&#233;signe une m&#233;thode de d&#233;veloppement de logiciel o&#249; le code source est rendu disponible au public. Voici les caract&#233;ristiques principales de l'open source :</p><ul><li><p><strong>Acc&#232;s au code source</strong> : Le code source est accessible &#224; tous, ce qui permet &#224; quiconque de le voir, l'utiliser, le modifier et le distribuer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Licences open source</strong> : Les logiciels open source sont distribu&#233;s sous des licences qui respectent des crit&#232;res sp&#233;cifiques, comme ceux d&#233;finis par l'Open Source Initiative. Ces licences garantissent des libert&#233;s telles que la redistribution, l'acc&#232;s au code source, la modification et la libert&#233; de distribuer des versions modifi&#233;es.</p></li><li><p><strong>Communaut&#233; et collaboration</strong> : Souvent, le d&#233;veloppement open source est collaboratif, impliquant une communaut&#233; de d&#233;veloppeurs qui peuvent contribuer &#224; l'am&#233;lioration du logiciel. Cela peut mener &#224; une innovation rapide et &#224; une r&#233;solution plus efficace des bugs.</p></li><li><p><strong>Transparence et s&#233;curit&#233;</strong> : Avec le code source ouvert, la transparence est accrue, ce qui peut am&#233;liorer la s&#233;curit&#233; car plus de personnes peuvent examiner et corriger les vuln&#233;rabilit&#233;s.</p></li><li><p><strong>Ind&#233;pendance vis-&#224;-vis du fournisseur</strong> : Les utilisateurs ne d&#233;pendent pas d'une seule entit&#233; pour le support, les mises &#224; jour ou la maintenance du logiciel.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#201;ducation et apprentissage</strong> : L'open source est un outil pr&#233;cieux pour l'apprentissage, permettant aux &#233;tudiants et aux d&#233;veloppeurs de voir comment les logiciels sont construits, comment ils fonctionnent et comment ils peuvent &#234;tre am&#233;lior&#233;s.</p></li></ul><p>Il faut noter que "open source" ne signifie pas n&#233;cessairement "gratuit" (bien que beaucoup le soient), mais plut&#244;t que le code est ouvert et que les utilisateurs ont certaines libert&#233;s par rapport &#224; ce code.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Le <strong>code source</strong> est le texte &#233;crit dans un langage de programmation qui sert de base &#224; un programme informatique, un logiciel ou une application.</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ Flash ] Un fort vent d’Ouest soufflerait-il sur l’IA ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[En pleine r&#233;&#233;criture de la r&#233;glementation europ&#233;enne sur l'IA, Bruxelles nomme envoy&#233; sp&#233;cial pour l'IA une figure majeure du monde de la tech et de l'industrie.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/flash-un-fort-vent-douest-soufflerait</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/flash-un-fort-vent-douest-soufflerait</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Patricia Cerinsek]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 20:38:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QGtH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fbcd8c5-401f-4f5a-a1ab-3602d4f2f1a2_2048x1360.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QGtH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fbcd8c5-401f-4f5a-a1ab-3602d4f2f1a2_2048x1360.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QGtH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fbcd8c5-401f-4f5a-a1ab-3602d4f2f1a2_2048x1360.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QGtH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fbcd8c5-401f-4f5a-a1ab-3602d4f2f1a2_2048x1360.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QGtH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fbcd8c5-401f-4f5a-a1ab-3602d4f2f1a2_2048x1360.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QGtH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fbcd8c5-401f-4f5a-a1ab-3602d4f2f1a2_2048x1360.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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Histoire de comprendre dans quel sens le vent du d&#233;veloppement de l&#8217;IA souffle non pas sur le continent mais sur la Commission europ&#233;enne, il peut &#234;tre &#233;clairant de se pencher sur son profil et ses positions, qui laissent planer ces nuages noirs typiques de la c&#244;te du Jutland et cette odeur de hareng faisand&#233; si caract&#233;ristique. C&#8217;est &#8220;l&#8217;ancien monde&#8221; qui refuse de mourir.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L'&#201;CLAIREUR est une lettre par abonnement. Pour soutenir notre travail, choisissez le v&#244;tre, libre ou payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Choose France, Lose Macron]]></title><description><![CDATA[Choose France? A costly PR operation funded by taxpayer money &#8212; as France slides into recession.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/choose-france-lose-macron</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/choose-france-lose-macron</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:35:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4a6421d0-c704-40bf-a34a-2f0179424caa_1000x664.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div 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stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Democracy is government of the people, by the people, for the people. Xenocracy is government of the foreigner, by the foreigner, for the foreigner. So &#8212; which one do you think we're living under?</p><p>The eurozone is limping along at a projected 2026 growth rate of just 1.1% to 1.3% &#8212; a pitiful crawl that trails the global average of 2.7% by a mile, following an already anaemic 1.5% in 2025.</p><p>The energy shock triggered by Israel and the United States&#8217; war on Iran has sent commodity prices surging, choking economic activity while inflation roars back &#8212; expected to hit 3.1% in 2026, a full point above earlier forecasts, before supposedly easing to 2.4% in 2027. The European Commission says so. Cold comfort.</p><p>In France, the damage is visceral: household purchasing power is being hollowed out, and Social Security is haemorrhaging &#8212; a &#8364;15.3 billion deficit now threatens the very survival of the healthcare system.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>For all of Emmanuel Macron&#8217;s grandiose speeches, France keeps deindustrialising at a terrifying pace.</p><p>In 2024, it was the subsidiaries of multinational corporations switching off the lights. In 2025, it&#8217;s the mid-sized companies, the unsung backbone of France&#8217;s industrial fabric, that are quietly shutting their doors.</p><p>These are not faceless conglomerates. These are the firms that anchor local economies, sustain supply chains, and keep entire communities alive. And they are going under, one by one. &#8220;Choose France,&#8221; Emmanuel Macron says. French industrial companies, it seems, have not other choice but to vanish.</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Choose France, lose Macron]]></title><description><![CDATA[Choose France, une op&#233;ration de mauvaise communication &#224; grand renfort d'argent public alors que la France rentre en r&#233;cession.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/choose-france-loose-macron</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/choose-france-loose-macron</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 06:00:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7584e2b5-e1d6-4e5f-b7bd-50ff5bb90422_770x513.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png" width="596" height="747" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T7hu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb843f91d-6423-4399-8ec5-509fedd53f89_596x747.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La d&#233;mocratie, c&#8217;est le gouvernement, du peuple, pour le peuple et par le peuple. La x&#233;nocratie c&#8217;est le gouvernement de l&#8217;&#233;tranger, pour l&#8217;&#233;tranger, par l&#8217;&#233;tranger. D&#8217;apr&#232;s vous, dans quel r&#233;gime vivons-nous ?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png" width="576" height="756" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:756,&quot;width&quot;:576,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:195797,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/200269902?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!d-Q3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97f6c5c6-da39-40f6-820a-6e74bfc92914_576x756.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La zone euro affiche une trajectoire de croissance lente : la croissance 2026 est estim&#233;e entre 1,1 % et 1,3 %, apr&#232;s une progression d&#233;j&#224; mod&#233;r&#233;e de 1,5 % en 2025. Ces pr&#233;visions restent nettement en de&#231;&#224; de la moyenne mondiale, projet&#233;e &#224; 2,7 % .</p><p>Le choc &#233;nerg&#233;tique caus&#233; par la guerre contre l&#8217;Iran d&#233;clench&#233;e par Isra&#235;l et les Etats-Unis a fait grimper les prix des mati&#232;res premi&#232;res, entra&#238;nant un ralentissement de l&#8217;activit&#233; alors que l&#8217;inflation repart &#224; la hausse - elle devrait atteindre 3,1 % en 2026, soit un point de plus que pr&#233;vu, avant de retomber &#224; 2,4 % en 2027, affirme la Commission europ&#233;enne. </p><p>En France, ce choc &#233;nerg&#233;tique p&#232;se sur le pouvoir d'achat des m&#233;nages et fragilise les finances de la S&#233;curit&#233; sociale, avec un d&#233;ficit de 15,3 milliards d'euros qui menace la p&#233;rennit&#233; du syst&#232;me de sant&#233;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Pour soutenir le travail de L&#8217;ECLAIREUR, choisissez votre abonnement, libre oy payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><p>Malgr&#233; les grands discours d&#8217;Emmanuel Macron, l'&#233;conomie fran&#231;aise continue de se d&#233;sindustrialiser rapidement. En 2024, ce sont surtout les filiales de groupes internationaux qui fermaient ; en 2025, ce sont les ETI - entreprises de taille interm&#233;diaire irriguant le tissu industriel - qui mettent la cl&#233; sous la porte.</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[From Silicon Valley to Brussels; From Covid-19 to Digital Identity]]></title><description><![CDATA[The common thread is Data. Those pulling the strings: Big Tech. And AI is following the same path.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/from-silicon-valley-to-brussels-from</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/from-silicon-valley-to-brussels-from</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Patricia Cerinsek]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2026 14:26:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg" width="1456" height="970" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:970,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&#169; Alexandros Michailidis / Shutterstock.com&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="&#169; Alexandros Michailidis / Shutterstock.com" title="&#169; Alexandros Michailidis / Shutterstock.com" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TSgZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c1c6532-5e63-4155-815d-7cc4d2b7135e_2000x1333.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Europe&#8217;s response to Covid-19 quietly became a laboratory for experiments whose consequences are only now coming into focus.</p><h4><strong>The economic experiment</strong></h4><p>The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) &#8212; a &#8364;750 billion fund conceived to rescue economies battered by lockdowns &#8212; introduced a quietly radical shift in how public money flows. Rather than reimbursing costs already incurred, funding was tied to the achievement of milestones and the delivery of reforms. It was a fundamental change in the logic of EU spending, and one the European Commission now hopes to entrench: as we reported, Brussels is pushing to extend <a href="https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/unaccountable-by-design">this model to the next multiannual EU budget</a>.</p><h4><strong>The social experiment</strong></h4><p>The first lockdown also functioned as an extraordinary test of administrative reach and popular compliance. Sociologist Nicolas Mariot and historian Th&#233;o Boulakia documented this dynamic rigorously in their book <em>L&#8217;Attestation</em>: exit permits, QR-coded health passes, emergency powers routinely invoked &#8212; all of it normalising the idea that a crisis could justify the temporary suspension of fundamental freedoms, with surprisingly little public pushback.</p><p>As researcher Yuwen Zhang observed in a <a href="https://www.unilim.fr/interfaces-numeriques/4769">recent study</a>, &#8220;this social QR-code-isation during the health crisis has translated into a system for classifying individuals based on personal data. In today&#8217;s digital society, whoever controls the data and the rules governing its use holds the power.&#8221;</p><h4><strong>The technological experiment</strong></h4><p>Which brings us to the third dimension: continuous, real time mass surveillance.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[De la Silicon Valley à Bruxelles, de la Covid-19 à l'identité numérique ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Le fil rouge, c'est les donn&#233;es. Ceux qui tiennent le fil : les Gafam. Et l'IA suit le m&#234;me chemin.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/de-la-silicon-valley-a-bruxelles</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/de-la-silicon-valley-a-bruxelles</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Patricia Cerinsek]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 03 Jun 2026 12:16:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg" width="960" height="639" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:639,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Vers une identit&#233; num&#233;rique europ&#233;enne ? - Touteleurope.eu&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Vers une identit&#233; num&#233;rique europ&#233;enne ? - Touteleurope.eu" title="Vers une identit&#233; num&#233;rique europ&#233;enne ? - Touteleurope.eu" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yW6a!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c3db5-5b83-46b1-b30e-85d0295eef40_960x639.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; EU/Christophe Licoppe</figcaption></figure></div><p>La gestion de la pand&#233;mie de Covid-19 a, en Europe, &#233;t&#233; l&#8217;occasion d&#8217;exp&#233;rimentations &#224; grande &#233;chelle dont on commence &#224; peine &#224; mesurer les d&#233;veloppements.</p><p>Exp&#233;rimentation &#233;conomique. La Facilit&#233; pour la reprise et la r&#233;silience (FRR), ce fonds de 750 milliards d&#8217;euros destin&#233; &#224; relancer les &#233;conomies nationales que les confinements avaient plomb&#233;s, avait en 2020 inaugur&#233; un nouveau m&#233;canisme de financement : non plus li&#233; aux co&#251;ts mais &#224; l&#8217;atteinte de jalons et la mise en oeuvre de r&#233;formes. M&#233;canisme que la Commission europ&#233;enne esp&#232;re d&#233;ployer et g&#233;n&#233;raliser dans le prochain budget europ&#233;en. <em>L&#8217;Eclaireur</em> vous en parlait dans un pr&#233;c&#233;dent article :</p><div class="digest-post-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;nodeId&quot;:&quot;dbe36f38-428c-452d-8e96-89fa5e53b822&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Comment la Commission europ&#233;enne consolide son emprise par le budget europ&#233;en et le transforme en levier de pouvoir.&quot;,&quot;cta&quot;:&quot;Read full story&quot;,&quot;showBylines&quot;:true,&quot;showDescription&quot;:true,&quot;showImage&quot;:true,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;md&quot;,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Le pi&#232;ge de la \&quot;performance\&quot; europ&#233;enne&quot;,&quot;publishedBylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:26122512,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patricia Cerinsek&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Journaliste &quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d18fb816-7178-4b24-bbc8-62c171082016_424x424.jpeg&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100}],&quot;post_date&quot;:&quot;2026-05-13T06:01:22.030Z&quot;,&quot;cover_image&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S-Ls!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2322ace0-1971-4c32-a918-30146d821024_1200x675.webp&quot;,&quot;cover_image_alt&quot;:null,&quot;canonical_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/le-piege-de-la-performance-europeenne&quot;,&quot;section_name&quot;:&quot;La Lettre confidentielle&quot;,&quot;video_upload_id&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:197100227,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;reaction_count&quot;:8,&quot;comment_count&quot;:2,&quot;publication_id&quot;:347021,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;L'&#201;CLAIREUR&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lY_X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e59fbad-1165-4e09-a30d-7573afe7d0a7_480x480.png&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;youtube_url&quot;:null,&quot;show_links&quot;:null,&quot;feed_url&quot;:null}"></div><p>Exp&#233;rimentation sociale aussi, ou comment le premier confinement a servi d&#8217;exp&#233;rience in&#233;dite de contr&#244;le administratif mais aussi de <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/covid-19-bilan-dune-surveillance-massive">test d&#8217;exp&#233;rience d&#8217;obeissance de masse</a>, m&#233;canisme parfaitement d&#233;crit par les sociologues et historien Nicolas Mariot et Th&#233;o Boulakia dans leur livre <em>L&#8217;attestation</em>. Attestations de sortie, pass sanitaire avec QR Code, la Covid a normalis&#233; l'id&#233;e qu'une urgence justifie la suspension temporaire de libert&#233;s fondamentales, sans que la question ne fasse beaucoup de d&#233;bats.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Cette QR code-isation sociale pendant la crise sanitaire se traduit par un enjeu de classification des individus en fonction de donn&#233;es personnelles. Dans la soci&#233;t&#233; num&#233;rique d&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui, celui qui ma&#238;trise les donn&#233;es et les r&#232;gles d&#8217;utilisation des donn&#233;es est celui qui d&#233;tient le pouvoir</em>&#8221;, souligne dans une <a href="https://www.unilim.fr/interfaces-numeriques/4769">&#233;tude</a> la chercheuse d&#8217;origine chinoise Yuwen Zhang.</p><p>Enfin exp&#233;rience de contr&#244;le technologique, qui d&#233;coule du point pr&#233;c&#233;dent. Nous y voil&#224;. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L'&#201;CLAIREUR est une lettre par abonnement. Pour soutenir notre travail, choisissez le v&#244;tre, libre ou payant.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[[ Repub ] The Zucman Tax: When the Levy Breaks]]></title><description><![CDATA[The left never tires of pulling a new economist from its hat to peddle some idiotic non-solution. It's not wealth that should be taxed &#8212; it's the collateral pledged to banks to finance lifestyle.]]></description><link>https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/repub-the-zucman-tax-when-the-levy</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.eclaireur.eu/p/repub-the-zucman-tax-when-the-levy</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Pascal Clérotte]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 15:24:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg" width="996" height="714" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:714,&quot;width&quot;:996,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!djzv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33956190-d36d-4cdb-b622-5626e23b55ae_996x714.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Gabriel Zucman</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>The 2027 presidential campaign is now underway, in case you hadn't noticed. A swarm of candidates are busy outdoing each other with increasingly deranged platforms &#8212; while carefully avoiding the actual problems. Take the latest round of riots and looting after PSG's victory yesterday. The response? Not arresting rioters or stopping them from burning things down &#8212; no, let's authorize algorithmic surveillance instead. Not cutting state spending &#8212; let's go after social benefits. The left, for its part, won't examine the root causes of fiscal injustice. It will simply parrot Gabriel Zucman's claim that French citizens are not equal before the law &#8212; which is flatly false in terms of tax law. What is accurate is that tax law has been partly engineered to benefit the wealthy. </em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png" width="592" height="631" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:631,&quot;width&quot;:592,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:246077,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/i/199949471?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Ro4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa8c21193-aa31-47ec-8451-a05661cf6a36_592x631.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>We are republishing our article from September 23, 2025, in which we dismantled Zucman&#8217;s nonsense &#8212; which is a symptom of the left&#8217;s endemic hypocrisy.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.eclaireur.eu/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#8217;ECLAIREUR is reader-supported. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p></p><div><hr></div><p>The French left is forever in search of the next Jacques Attali.</p><p>Its latest discovery: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>, a doe-eyed little darling who has declared himself profoundly traumatized by Jean-Marie Le Pen&#8217;s accession to  the 2002 presidential runoff. That event, he tells us, shaped his entire academic and political mission: to ensure it never happens again. An endeavor in which he modestly concedes he has failed so far. We will show  why he will keep failing &#8212; and why that was always inevitable.</p><p>This French left &#8212; as bourgeois as it is intellectually bankrupt and morally dishonest (so is the French right)&#8212; has always needed to anoint &#8220;intellectuals&#8221; who supposedly possess the truth and hold the cure for all of society&#8217;s ills. Fifteen years ago it was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>. Magical thinking &#8212; proclaiming cause-and-effect relationships between events or actions without any logical basis &#8212; is a drug  French politicians simply cannot quit.</p><p>For the record: Zucman&#8217;s doctoral supervisor was  Thomas Piketty. His research is funded in part by George Soros&#8217;s Open Society Foundation. He is actively involved in drafting the Socialist Party&#8217;s economic program, and is close to Rapha&#235;l Glucksmann.</p><p>This magical thinking allows a left without voters to acertian that power is always its rightful inheritance &#8212; even though it bears primary responsibility for the country&#8217;s catastrophic state since Mitterrand and Delors made their hard-right-to-austerity pivot in 1983. (Though the French right, arguably the most stupid right-wing political class in the world, did nothing to purge or reform a system from which it gorged itself just as shamelessly. Nobody, it goes without saying, wants to touch the state&#8217;s lavish lifestyle.)</p><p>What matters is that nothing must change. That France continues to spend &#8364;1.5 billion so that a handful of hipsters can swim in the Seine. That it pours hundreds of billions into wind energy so that well-connected cronies can stuff themselves through the manufactured creation of a market that is unprofitable and without any energetic, industrial, economic, or environmental justification. That it persists in disbursing &#8212; with zero oversight and zero economic efficiency &#8212; nearly &#8364;250 billion a year in corporate subsidies, because when the state directs the economy, what you get is incompetent senior bureaucrats and corrupt politicians presiding over a system of sinecures, clientelism, and cronyism.</p><p>And here walks Gabriel Zucman, conjured from the hat like a magic rabbit, with his tax that will &#8212; by the grace of the Holy Spirit &#8212; undo forty-plus years of catastrophic public management and the colossal transfers of public wealth into private pockets that such management conveniently conceals. Hallelujah! All our problems, starting with the disastrous state of public finances, are solved! Hosanna in the highest! </p><p><strong>So what exactly is the  Zucman Tax?</strong></p><p>In the name of fiscal justice, it would impose a minimum floor tax of 2% on the net worth of households or individuals whose fortune exceeds &#8364;100 million. Why &#8364;100 million and not &#8364;50 million or &#8364;10 million? A mystery wrapped in an enigma wrapped in a press release.</p><p>The Zucman Tax is, in reality, a tax on asset <em>valuation</em> &#8212; because income from those assets (rent, dividends, interest) and capital gains realized on their sale are already taxed. It is a perfectly idiotic measure that will improve fiscal fairness not one iota and that does not begin to address the actual problem, which this bourgeois, hypocritical &#8212; in short, neoliberal &#8212; left (and right) goes out of its way to obscure.</p><p>The moral (and therefore demagogic) argument<strong> </strong>underpinning the Zucman Tax is that the ultra-wealthy &#8212; as we have taken to calling them in France &#8212; multiplied their fortunes by 9.4 between 2003 and 2023. Yet financial markets during the same period merely tripled in value. By what dark sorcery, by what sleight of hand, is this possible?</p><p>Through what are known as Lombard loans and leverage effects. Because banks only lend to the rich.</p><p>Here is how it works.</p><p>Suppose you own a rental property portfolio worth &#8364;10 million, generating a gross yield of 5% per year &#8212; &#8364;500,000 before taxes and charges. You visit your bank and request a &#8364;5 million, 10-year loan to buy additional properties, on the grounds that the additional rental income will cover the repayments. This is called leverage. The bank agrees, taking part of your existing portfolio as collateral, at a current rate of around 3% per year.</p><p>Now imagine that your property portfolio is held by a <em>soci&#233;t&#233; civile immobili&#232;re</em> (SCI &#8212; a French real-estate holding company), of which you are the principal partner. Instead of pledging part of your property as collateral, you pledge your shares in the SCI &#8212; you use these moveable assets as security. The bank will then grant you what is called a Lombard loan, at a rate comparable to a mortgage, not on the total value of the pledged shares but on a portion thereof. This loan will be structured as an <em>in fine</em> loan &#8212; meaning the capital is repaid in full at maturity rather than amortized over the loan&#8217;s duration. Interest is paid annually on the full borrowed amount. You retain full ownership of the pledged shares and continue to receive the income they generate. And unlike a standard property loan, which must be used exclusively for a real-estate purchase, a Lombard loan carries no earmarking requirement. You spend it however you like.</p><p>Now imagine you lend the &#8364;5 million from your Lombard loan to your SCI in the form of a partner&#8217;s current account contribution, remunerated at 5% per year. Your SCI, in turn, goes to the bank and borrows &#8364;10 million to expand its rental portfolio &#8212; investing a total of &#8364;15 million: the &#8364;5 million you lent it (treated as equity) plus the &#8364;10 million it borrowed. In simplified terms, you have multiplied your effective asset base by 2.5, and your SCI pays the interest on your Lombard loan.</p><p>Now go one layer deeper. Suppose your SCI shares are not held directly by you but by a personal holding company &#8212; a company whose sole purpose is to hold stakes in other companies. You lend the &#8364;5 million from your Lombard loan (secured against some of your holding&#8217;s shares) to the holding company as a partner account contribution. The holding lends &#8364;2.5 million to the SCI, which borrows another &#8364;7.5 million to develop its rental activities. The remaining &#8364;2.5 million? Your holding might lend it to a subsidiary created expressly to acquire and commercially operate a yacht or private plane. And all the while, you benefit from the tax advantages of the holding structure, and the interest on your companies&#8217; debts are deductible charges, reducing their corporate tax liability. Base your holding in Luxembourg &#8212; an EU member state &#8212; and you pay no tax at all.</p><p>Do you see where this is heading?</p><p>Replicate this structure in a context where, for nearly twenty years, Western central banks created money at full throttle to preserve bank and market liquidity &#8212; remember that the 2008 crisis was first and foremost a US dollar liquidity crisis &#8212; all at near-zero or even negative interest rates; and bear in mind that banks have a pressing commercial need to lend and will only lend to people who already have money. You will then understand perfectly how the wealthy, by pledging, multiplied their fortunes ninefold over twenty years.</p><p>When you possess substantial assets, it is far more advantageous to live on credit without touching your capital, since borrowed funds used to finance your lifestyle are not taxable. But at some point, you may object, the Lombard loan comes due and must be repaid. Certainly &#8212; by taking out a new Lombard loan, since you never touched your capital in the first place.</p><p><strong>The Zucman Tax is therefore not merely misguided &#8212; it is a monument to misdirection.</strong></p><p>It is not the <em>valuation</em> of assets that needs to be taxed. It is the financial operations that render those assets liquid without encumbering them.</p><p><strong>The 2% should be levied on loans granted by banks on the basis of collateral pledged by private individuals or their personal holding companies. Because it is precisely these loans that finance the lifestyles of the &#8220;ultra-rich,&#8221; who have remarkably little taxable income. And then there would be no logical reason to set a floor at &#8364;100 million: 2% on every pledging operation, every Lombard loan, contracted in France or abroad. If fiscal justice is the goal, you won&#8217;t find a better instrument.</strong></p><p>But the bourgeois French left taking aim at banks and the private investment industry &#8212; the very heart of the problem? Surely you jest. In France, bankers vote left. It&#8217;s the insurers who vote right.</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>